By The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), headed by Ilias Chatzis

This publication elaborates on the specific gender-based risk factors that can lead to violence during smuggling operations, analysing the impact of gender on the forms of violence inflicted upon smuggled migrants and refugees before, during and after travelling. In addition, it sets out the State responses to aggravated smuggling offences and provides recommendations to combat the impunity of those implicated in these crimes. Applying a gender perspective, the study reviews two major transit zones in Western/Northern Africa and Central America.

Vienna: UNODC, 2021. 102p.