“The earliest experiments in supermax confinement were conducted 200 years ago and abandoned in horrified disgust.” The Prison Journal. Vol. 81 No. 3, 376-388, September (2001) 15 pages.

“…antecedents of today’s control units, or supermax settings, were introduced in the early 1800s and they were abandoned because they significantly impaired the mental health of prisoners.” The Prison Journal. Vol. 83 No.2 June (2003) 8 pages.