By Hans Toch

“Few oxymorons sound to most people as silly and naive as that of prison democracy—and with reason. In fact, with two opposite reasons. For one, one wants offenders punished, and democracy sounds like a reward. For another, few citizens are enchanted with what passes for democ- racy elsewhere, and one can conceive of the liabilities of representative governance enhanced, corrupted, and caricatured in prison settings.”

Federal Probation. June 1995. 6p.

By Hans Toch

“The idea of functional units was simple: take a prison and divide it into smaller groups of inmates and staff members. Each group of inmates (50-100 ni 1970) would have its own staff team. The inmates would stay with their units and would be individually programmed. Each unit would become a specialized"mini-prison" within a larger prison and share the institution's facilities with other units.”

Federal Prison Journal 1992.. 4p.