Edited By William Gervase Clarence-Smith

Over a million slaves were exported from Indian Ocean and Red Sea ports in Eastern Africa during the 19th century, with millions more moved within the continent[. The slave trade expanded significantly in the 19th century, driven by demand for labor in the western Indian Ocean and improved maritime security. Slaves were used in various roles, including laborers, concubines, eunuchs, and administrators, with significant numbers employed in agriculture, urban economies, and domestic roles.: The nature and scale of slavery varied across regions, with some areas like Zanzibar and Pemba having plantation systems similar to the New World, while others had more subsistence-based servitude.

FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED. Gainsborough House, Gainsborough Road, London. 1989. 228p.

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BY WILLIAM LAW MATHIESON

This book provides an overview of the historical context and the measures taken to end the slave trade, emphasizing Great Britain's pivotal role and the international efforts to suppress this inhumane practice. It highlights the efforts to abolish the slave trade and the challenges faced, with reference to treaties with Spain and Portugal and describes Sierra Leone's significance as a base for anti-slavery operations and its challenges.

New York. OCTAGON BOOKS. INC.1967.

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Edited By David Womersley

FROM THE INTRODUCTION: “Edward Gibbon (1737-94) published The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire in three instalments between 1776 and 1788. It was an immediate popular success, selling (as the delighted author put it) 'like a sixpenny pamphlet on the news of the day'. The book was immediately involved in controversy for its supposed hostility to established religion. But Gibbon's attitudes were much more nuanced, his intentions much more complicated, and his historical interests vastly more profound, than were those of any deist….”

London. Penguin Books. 1995. 97p.

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By Piers Paul Read

FROM THE COVER: “A source of enduring contemporary curiosity, the Knights of the Temple of Solomon were an order of warrior monks first founded to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land from infidel attack. Piers Paul Read reveals the Templars - in their white tunics with red crosses over chainmail- as the first uniformed standing army in the western world, as wel as pioneers of international banking. He examines their fall at the hands of a greedy French king, who extracted confessions of heresy and immorality by torture. And the extraordinary Middle Ages, with their blend of high religious fervour and unusual cruelty, are brought startlingly to the page. “

'He writes with great clarity, delineates character well and succinctly, and can tell a good story.” Times Literary Supplement.

London. Phoenix Press, 1999. 375p.

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By Jonathan Clements

FROM THE COVER: “Between the eighth and eleventh centuries, the Vikings surged from their Scandinavian homelands to trade, raid and invade along the coasts of Europe. Their reach stretched from Newfoundland to Baghdad, their battles were as far-flung as Africa and the Arctic. But were they great seafarers or desperate outcasts, noble heathens or oafish pirates, the last pagans or the first of the modern Europeans? This concise study puts medieval chronicles, Norse sagas and Muslim accounts alongside more recent research into ritual magic, genetic profiling and climatology. It includes biographical sketches of some of the most famous Vikings, from Erik Bloodaxe to Saint Olaf, King Canute to Leif the Lucky. It explains why the Danish king Harald Bluetooth lent his name to a twenty-first century wireless technology; why so many Icelandic settlers had Irish names; and how the last Viking colony was destroyed by English raiders.

NY. Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2005. 296p.

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By George L. Mosse

FROM THE PREFACE: “A prominent historian once wrote that "what man is, only history tells." This is certainly true if we want to understand the evolution of man in the society which he has made for himself. The age of the Reformation represents a crucial step in that historical development. Through their own thought the Reformers mirrored the doubts, hopes, and aspirations of the people of Europe. Yet it has been difficult to find modern interpretations of the age which are neither too specialized nor too elementary. Such interpretations undoubtedly do exist, but in the form of larger and more detailed analyses or as chapters in general works. This book is meant to provide an initial grasp of this epoch, and the bibliography at the end of the work will enable those so inclined to go further into the prob. lems and interpretations of the age.

NY. Henry Holt And Company. 1953. 110p.

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Edited with an Introduction by Philip A. M. Taylor

FROM THE INTRODUCTION: “While the phrase "…Industrial Revolution," or something like it, can be found very early in the nineteenth century, it was given its wide currency by the lectures de¬livered at Oxford by Arnold ToynSefc and published in 1884, after his early death. It was in the eighth of these lectures that Toynbee summed up his views about the period 1750-1850. He pointed out the rapid growth of population; the moderniza¬tion both of the techniques and of the or¬ganization of farming, especially the trans¬forming, by the process of enclosure, of medieval open fields into modern compact farms; the rapidity of invention in industry, above all in textiles; the development of powerful machines and their grouping into factories. To him, these changes seemed emphatically revolutionary. But he thought he saw, in addition to these material changes, a change of outlook, from the medieval desire to regulate economic life to a modem acceptance of free competition. He considered that for the lower classes in town and country the total result was distastrous, "Production on a vast scale,” he said at the end of Lecture VII, "the result of free competition, led to a rapid alienation of classes and to the degradation of a large body of producers.”-

Boston. D. C. Heath Co. Problems In European Civilization.. 1958. 108p.

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By Chadwick Hansen

FROM THE PREFACE: “…To begin with, witchcraft actually did exist and was widely practiced in seventeenth-century New England, as it was in Europe at that time (and still is, for that matter, among the unlearned majority of mankind). It worked then as it works now in witchcraft societies like those of the West Indies, through psychogenic rather than occult means, commonly pro- ducing hysterical symptoms as a result of the victim's fear, and sometimes, when fear was succeeded by a profound sense of hopelessness, even producing death. The behavior of the afflicted persons was not fraudulent but pathological. They were hysterics, and in the clinical rather than the popular sense of that term. These people were not merely overexcited; they were mentally ill. Furthermore, they were ill long before any clergyman got to them. The general populace did reach that state of public excitement inaccurately called "mass hysteria," but this was due to the popular fear of witchcraft rather than to the preachings of the clergy…”

NY. Signet. 1969. 323p.

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By G. R. Elton

FROM THE PREFACE: “The writing of yet another history of the sixteenth century may seem to require justification, I can only say that I should not have written this book if I had thought so. There is much yet to discover about that well-worked period, and - m ore important--much of what has been discovered in the last thirty years has not yet reached the more general accounts. Only Professor Bindoff's brilliant short study of Tudor England provides an introduction to modern views; and he has left room for a book on a somewhat larger scale, with rather more detail in. Inevitably the different aspects of that crowded century could not all be given equal treatment: I can only hope that there is enough of them all to avoid at least the charge of deliberate obtuseness. …”

London. Methuen & Co. Ltd. 1959. 621p

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By J. P. Kenyon

FROM THE PREFACE: “This book covers the history of the British Isles and its overseas possessions from the Roman conquest until 1970. The three thousand or so articles encompass domestic political and social events, foreign affairs, and major cultural and scientific developments, together with the men or women who have influenced or been influenced by the multifarious events that make up a country's history. The alpha- betical arrangement of the main body of the book is complemented by a Chronology - a year-by-year survey of events in British history and of major developments on the Continent and in America (shown in italic type).”

Hertfordshire, Wordsworth. 1992. 425p.

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BY J.Steven Watson

FROM THE COVER: This new account attempts to weave a consecutive story political, social, anomic and cultural history, making clear their interaction upon each other. In dealing with subjects as diverse as the loss of Amerrica, the winning of supremacy in Indla, the political ideas of Bute, North, and Pitt, with local government and economic changes, as well as with that transformation of men's attitude to life known as Romanticism, it offers an dependent interpretation which takes count of a great body of research upon both sides of the Atlantic.

London. Oxford At The Clarendon Press 1960. 663p.

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By J. H. Plumb

FROM CHAPTER 1: “England in 1714 was a land of hamlets and villages: its towns, such as it had, were on the coast. In Lancashire, the West Riding, and West Midlands towns of some size and substance were beginning to grow, but the majority of the population was still in the south and still rural. Estimates of population vary because the evidence is unreliable. Until the last decades of the century, it is largely a matter of intelligent guesswork. The population was probably, in 1714, about five and a half millions, and from 1714 to 1742, after an initial spurt, there was only avery small increase, but there were important changes in its distribution; East Anglia had a declining population; the West Country and South and East Midlands werefairly static, so was the East Ridinga n d all of the north but Tyneside, West Riding, and South Lan- cashire, where the increase was marked; so, too, was the increase in the West Midlands. Surrey and Middlesex grew with London, whose rapid expansion of the lateseventeenth century was maintained.”

London. Pelican. 1955. 220p.

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By David Thomson

FROM THE PREFACE: “This book is not an attempt to write what is often called a 'general' or 'undifferentiated' history ofnineteenth-century England. Still less is it intended as yet another 'text-book' on nineteenth-century England. These tasks have been well performed already. In conformity with the taste and tendency of our times I have tried rather to describe, and as far as possible to explain, the major social changes which the people of England experienced during that remarkable century between 1815 and 1914 which might well be called 'the Great Peace'. In making this attempt we have to draw upon political, economic, intellectual, diplomatic, and any other sort of 'differentiated' or 'specialized' history available to us…”

London. Penguin. 1955. 256p.

By .J .L Hammond and Barbara Hammond.

FROM CHAPTER 8: “The upper classes, to whom the fact that the labourers were more wretched in 1830 than they had been in 1795 was a reason for making punishment more severe, were not deliberately callous and cruel in their neglect of all this growing misery and hunger. Most of those who thought seriously about it had learnta reasoned insensibility from the stern Sybil of the political economy i nfashion, that strange and partial interpretation of Adam Smith, Malthus and Ricardo which was then in full power. …”

London. Guild Books. 1911. 178p. USED BOOK. MAY CONTAIN MARK-UP

By .J L. And Barbara Hammond

FROM THE PREFACE: “When this book appeared it was criticised on two grounds. It was argued in the first place that the picture given of the enclosures was unjust, because the writers deliberately excluded the importance of enclosure in increasing the food supplies of the nation, and, in the second, that the hardships of the poor had been exaggerated, and that, though the system of enclosure lent itself to abuses, there was no evidence that wrong was done in the mass of enclosures….”

London. Guild Books. 1911. 211p. USED BOOK. MAY CONTAIN MARK-UP.

By T. S. Ashton

FROM THE COVER FLAP: “Though the Industrial Revolution has often been regarded as a catastrophe, in this book it is presented as an achieve. ment, for in spite of destructive wars and a rapid growth of population the material standards of most of the people of Britainwere raised. Professor Ashton lays stress on the intellectual and economic, no less than on the technical, aspects of the movement.”

“It is a pleasure to be able to recommend a book, whether to the student or to the general reader, so entirely without reservation . . . . Few accounts of the great inventions leave the unmechanical reader with any genuine understanding of the problems and solutions involved. This one does. The Economist.

London. Oxford University Press. 1948 (1960) 179p. USED BOOK. MAY CONTAIN MARK-UP.

By Edited By 0. Huehns

FROM THE PREFACE: The selections following are taken from the historical writings of Edward Hyde, first Earl of Clarendon. As he is best known by his title, this has been used throughout except in the more strictly historical portions of the introduction. To give the reader some idea of the whole work it has been thought advisable not to disrupt Clarendon's narrative too much. The arrangement therefore follows roughly the chronological order of events. Within the separate scctions, however, I have aimed at continuity of thought and expression. Only in the character sketches have Clarendon's repetitions been sometimes retained, since complete elimination might have given a misleading impression this selections easier to understand I have given, in the first par tof the Introduction, a condensed history of the period…”

London. Oxford University Press. 1955. 529p.

By Boris Johnson

From chapter 1: “Still they come, surging towards me across the bridge. On they march in sun, wind, rain, snow and sleet. Almost every morning I cycle past them in rank after heaving rank as they emerge from London Bridge station and tramp tramp tramp up and along the broad 239-metre pavement that leads over the river and towards their places of work. It feels as if I am reviewing an honourable regiment of yomping commuters, and as I pass them down the bus-rutted tarmac there is the occasional eyes-left moment and I will be greeted with a smile or perhaps a cheery four-letter cry.

NY. Riverhead Books. Penguin. 2012. 394p. USED BOOK. MAY CONTAIN MARK-UP

Selected And Edited With An Introduction By A. S. P. Woodhouse

From the Preface by A. D. Lindsay: “I commend the book, so completed, to all who wish to be able to give a reason for their democratic faith, and wish it could be read so as to stop the mouths and pens of those who produce facile refutations of the fundamental idea s of democracy. These ideas, liberty, equality and fraternity, if divorced from the religious context in which they belong, become cheap and shallow and easy of refutation. Those who will take the trouble to get behind the theological language of these documents will see how profound those democratic ideas are, how real and concrete and recurring is the situation which gives rise to them; and will see the tension there must always be between them so long as they are alive.”

London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. 1951. 617p. USED BOOK. MAY CONTAIN MARK-UP