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By Alfred I. Schwartz and Sumner N. Clarren

"The Cincinnati Team Policing Experiment" by Alfred I. Schwartz and Sumner N. Clarren presents a comprehensive analysis of the innovative strategies employed in law enforcement. Through a detailed examination of the Cincinnati Police Department's pioneering approach to community policing, the authors shed light on the complexities and outcomes of this groundbreaking initiative. This book serves as a vital resource for academics, policymakers, and law enforcement professionals seeking to understand the challenges and opportunities associated with modern policing practices.

The Urban Institute Police Foundation, 1977, 78 pages

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By Robert Trojanowicz and Bonnie Bucqueroux

Community Policing and the Challenge of Diversity by Robert Trojanowicz and Bonnie Bucqueroux offers a comprehensive examination of the intersection between community policing practices and the increasingly diverse communities they serve. Through a combination of theoretical frameworks and real-world examples, the authors delve into the complexities of implementing community policing strategies in multicultural environments. This book serves as a valuable resource for law enforcement professionals, policymakers, and community members seeking to foster collaborative relationships that are responsive to the diverse needs and perspectives of modern society.

Anderson Publishing Company, 1990, 29 pages

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By Robert Trojanowicz, Richard Gleason, Bonnie Pollard, and David Sinclair

The Lansing survey asked residents how they would prioritize specific crimes, where they felt the police should concentrate investigative efforts, which community-oriented police services deserved the highest priority, what role citizens should play in assisting police, and how they would rank five activities within the LPD. Residents were also asked if they would be willing to vote for a tax increase to maintain a foot patrol program. The 2-page questionnaire was mailed to 5,462 residents and completed by 2,328 individuals, a 47-percent response rate. The booklet first reviews typical community surveys which usually ask citizens to rate police performance. Highlights of the Lansing survey show that residents ranked burglary and robbery as deserving the most police attention, were more concerned about crimes that hurt people rather than property, and were particularly sensitive to needs of the elderly and young children. Residents also demonstrated a high commitment to participating directly in efforts to combat crime. Almost half were willing to support a tax increase for foot patrols. Survey questionnaire, press release, and 33 footnotes.\

Michigan State University, 1987, 45 pages

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By Arthur Niederhoffer

"Behind the Shield: The Police in Urban Society" by Arthur Niederhoffer delves into the intricate dynamics between law enforcement and urban communities. Through meticulous research and insightful analysis, Niederhoffer explores the challenges and complexities faced by police officers operating within diverse urban landscapes. This book provides a comprehensive examination of the evolving roles, responsibilities, and interactions of the police in urban society, offering valuable perspectives for academics, policymakers, and citizens seeking a deeper understanding of law enforcement practices in our modern world.

Doubleday, 1967, 279 pages

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By Peter Scharf & Arnold Binder

The book discusses reforms that must be instituted to control police use of deadly force, and to establish an equitable balance of risk to protect police officers (from being hurt by armed citizens) and citizens (from being erroneously shot by police). It begins with an examination of the effects of social forces on the police, psychological characteristics of individual officers, and the problems of management and control on decision-making by individual officers, all illustrated by examples of deadly-force encounters from investigations in Newark, Miami, Birmingham and Oakland. There is a discussion of the various purposes guns serve in police activities, the cultural marriage of guns with policing, and the variety of armed confrontations faced by police officers. The traditional view that police officers' behavior can be adequately understood in terms of the final armed encounter is discredited. A comparison involving the personality profiles of some officers who have shot often and some who have rarely fired explores the role of human emotions and moral judgment in these confrontations. The text also analyzes the impact of police administrative policies upon decisions to shoot or not shoot. A final chapter examines how police departments might control unnecessary use of deadly force. (NCJRS, modified).

Praeger, 1983, 260 pages

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By Robert Trojanowicz, Bonnie Pollard, Francine Colgan and Hazel Harden

Community Policing Programs: A Twenty-Year View offers a comprehensive examination of the evolution and impact of community policing initiatives over the past two decades. Authored by leading experts in law enforcement and community engagement, this book delves into the importance of building trust, fostering collaboration, and implementing innovative strategies to enhance public safety. Through extensive research and case studies, the book highlights the challenges, successes, and lessons learned from community policing programs across diverse communities. A must-read for policymakers, law enforcement professionals, and community advocates looking to create safer and more inclusive neighborhoods.

National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University. 1986. 68p.

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BY Robert Trojanowiez, Marilyn Steele, and Susan Trojanowicz

"Community Policing: A Taxpayer's Perspective" offers a unique insight into the intersection of law enforcement practices and public funding. In this thought-provoking book, readers are invited to explore the dynamics of community policing through the lens of taxpayer investment. By delving into the financial aspects of law enforcement at the local level, the author sheds light on the impact of community policing initiatives on both communities and taxpayers. This comprehensive examination challenges conventional wisdom and encourages readers to reevaluate their understanding of policing in today's society. "Community Policing: A Taxpayer's Perspective" is a must-read for anyone interested in the complexities of law enforcement financing and its implications for community well-being.

National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University. 1986. 43p

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By Robert Trojanowicz, Bruce Benson, and Susan Trojanowiez

Community Policing: University Input into Campus Police Policy-Making delves into the vital intersection of academia and law enforcement on college campuses. Authored by a team of experts in both fields, this book illuminates the importance of incorporating university stakeholders in shaping campus police policies. Drawing on real-world examples and research data, the authors explore the benefits and challenges of community policing strategies within the campus environment.

Through an insightful analysis, Community Policing emphasizes the significance of mutual understanding and collaboration between campus law enforcement and the diverse university community. This groundbreaking work serves as a comprehensive guide for policymakers, campus administrators, law enforcement professionals, and academics seeking to enhance campus safety and foster positive relationships among all members of the university ecosystem.

National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University. 1986. 48p.

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Dennis M. Payne and Robert C. Trojanowiez

In this insightful book, the author delves into the comparative analysis of performance profiles between foot officers and motor officers in law enforcement agencies. By examining various metrics such as response times, patrol effectiveness, and community engagement, the book sheds light on the distinct advantages and challenges faced by each type of officer. Through comprehensive research and data analysis, readers are presented with a nuanced understanding of how different patrol methods can impact overall law enforcement outcomes. Whether you are a law enforcement professional, a researcher, or simply intrigued by the intricacies of police work, "Performance Profiles of Foot Versus Motor Officers" offers a compelling exploration of the dynamics at play in modern policing practices.

National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center. Michigan State University. 1985. 34p.

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By Robert Trojanowicz

In "Preventing Civil Disturbances: A Community Policing Approach," author delves into the strategies and principles of community policing as a proactive measure to maintain peace and harmony within society. This insightful book offers a comprehensive guide for law enforcement professionals, community leaders, and policymakers on how to foster strong relationships between police departments and the communities they serve. By emphasizing communication, trust-building, and collaboration, this book provides valuable insights on how to prevent civil disturbances and promote a safe and inclusive environment for all. Whether you are a seasoned law enforcement officer or a concerned community member, "Preventing Civil Disturbances" is a must-read for anyone interested in creating a safer and more cohesive society.National Center for Community Policing,

Michigan State University. 1989. 29p.

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Robert C. Trojanowicz

Perceptions of Safety delves into the intriguing debate between the effectiveness of foot patrol and motor patrol officers in ensuring public safety. By examining the perspectives of law enforcement professionals and community members, this book offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of patrol methods on crime prevention and public trust. Through insightful research and real-life case studies, readers are invited to explore the nuanced dynamics of policing and the varying perceptions of safety that shape our communities. This thought-provoking comparison challenges conventional wisdom and encourages a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding policing strategies.

National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center. Michigan State University. 1985. 33p.

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By Robert Trojanowicz Joanne Belknap

"Community Policing: Training Issues" delves into the critical aspects of law enforcement training in the context of community policing. Authored by experts in the field, this book offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities faced by police agencies in training their officers to effectively implement community policing strategies. From understanding the principles of community engagement to developing problem-solving skills, this book provides valuable insights into how training can enhance the relationship between law enforcement and the communities they serve. A must-read for police administrators, trainers, and policymakers looking to navigate the evolving landscape of community policing."

National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University. 1986. 46p.

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ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE POLICE FUNCTION. Frank J. Remington, Chairman

Approved Draft of Standards. The following standards were approved by the ABA House of Delegates at its mid-winter meeting in February 1973. They reflect amendments, a few significant but most editorial in nature, made in the tentative draft of the standards which were published in a 303-page report during March 1972. This set of standards was the last so approved of the eighteen formulated by the seven Advisory Committees working under the ABA Special Committee on Standards for the Administration of Criminal Justice. The other subjects concerning which standards have been prepared are listed on the last page of this publication.

NY. Washington Bar Assoc. 1973. 360p.

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Dennis W. Banas and Robert C. Trojanowicz

"Uniform Crime Reporting and Community Policing: An Historical Perspective" delves into the evolution of crime reporting practices and the implementation of community policing strategies throughout history. This comprehensive book explores the intersection of law enforcement, data collection, and community engagement, offering valuable insights into how these elements have shaped modern policing approaches. Through a meticulous analysis of past events and societal changes, the book provides a nuanced understanding of the challenges and successes encountered in the realms of crime reporting and community policing. An essential read for academics, practitioners, and anyone interested in the intricate relationship between law enforcement and the communities they serve.

Michigan State University. The National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center. 1985. 30p.

By Robert C. Trojanowicz and Dennis W. Banas

Interviews conducted over a four-year period demonstrated that the Neighborhood Foot Patrol program implemented in Flint, Michigan, not only improved police-community relations, but reduced the disparity in perceptions of police performance between blacks and whites. The Flint Police Department operated solely with motorized or preventive patrols until January 1979. The Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program began in 1979 with 22 foot patrol officers assigned to 14 experimental areas which included about 20 percent of the city's population. In their innovative foot patrol program, officers were based in all types of socioeconomic neighborhoods and focused on the social service as well as the law enforcement aspects of their jobs. The program reduced crime rates by 8.7 percent and calls for service by 42 percent between 1979 and 1982. Attitudes of Flint residents were assessed through interviews conducted in 1979, 1981, 1982, and 1983, using samples drawn randomly from the patrol areas. The 1979 interviews showed that Flint residents did not deviate from the national pattern of blacks consistently rating the police less favorably than whites. Interviews conducted in the subsequent three years demonstrated a dramatic decrease in the differences between black and white perceptions of the foot patrol. The range of differences between the two groups' attitudes toward the police in 1979 was from 13.2 percent to 20.2 percent. In contrast, the greatest variation between blacks and whites in their perceptions of the foot patrols' performance was 8.5 percent, and many neighborhoods had a lower variation. In effect, residents felt they gained control over the operation of the police department, while the foot patrol officers became responsive to community needs and sensitive to neighborhood culture.

Michigan. The National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center. 1985 21p.

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By Joanne Belknap, Merry Morash, and Robert Trojanowicz

Theories of role identity were used to determine officers' ideal, actual, and behavioral identities in interactions with teenagers, complainants, and supervisors when dealing with a case of 'rowdy teens.' A purposive sample was drawn representing foot and motor patrol, as well as race (black and white) and gender. The findings support the implementation of the community police model as was intended by the staff, and suggests the validity of the foot patrol concept. The results did not find gender, race, education, and years on the force predictive of police identity orientation or behavior. However, differences between foot and motor patrol in terms of role identity orientation and behavior were found. The research also suggests the importance of role identity orientation as a useful concept in explaining police behavior, and the discussion pinpoints areas and methods that would be fruitful in future research.

Michigan. The National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center. 1986. 39p.