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By Andrew von Hirsch

"Past or Future Crimes: Deservedness and Dangerousness in the Sentencing of Criminals" delves deep into the intricate web of considerations involved in the sentencing of criminals. With a keen focus on the concepts of deservedness and dangerousness, this book explores the evolving landscape of criminal justice systems worldwide. By examining the delicate balance between past actions and potential future threats, the authors challenge readers to ponder the complexities of determining appropriate punishments while safeguarding society. Drawing from a rich tapestry of legal theory, case studies, and psychological insights, this thought-provoking book offers a nuanced exploration of the ethical dilemmas inherent in the judicial process. Whether you are a legal scholar, policymaker, or concerned citizen, "Past or Future Crimes" is a must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics shaping modern criminal sentencing practices."

New Brunswick, New Jersey. RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1985. 235p.

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By Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial

In "A Crime of Self Defense," author Bernhard Goetz delves into the controversial case that captivated the nation. Known as the "Subway Vigilante," Goetz shot four African American youths on a New York City subway train in 1984, claiming self-defense. This book not only explores the incident itself but also delves into the legal implications surrounding self-defense laws in the United States.

Goetz's story raises important questions about the limits of self-defense, racial tensions, and the role of vigilantism in society. Through meticulous research and analysis, he presents a thought-provoking narrative that challenges readers to consider where the line between self-defense and vigilantism truly lies.

"The Crime of Self Defense By Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial" is a compelling read that sheds light on a complex and divisive case that continues to spark debate.

University of Chicago Press, June 15, 1990, 262 pages

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By Donald Black

The text uses the sociological theory of law to predict and explain police behavior in such settings as police patrol, investigations, and the handling of vice, juveniles, traffic, and rebellion. The text considers how cases come to the attention of police and other legal officials and indicates the implications of these patterns for social control through law. The field study was conducted in Boston, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., during the summer of 1966. Thirty-six observers with backgrounds in law, social science, and police administration systematically recorded routine encounters between uniformed patrol officers and citizens. The observers accompanied patrol officers on all work shifts everyday for 7 weeks in each city. (Evening shifts were given added weight because of their known higher rates of police activity.) From the total of 5,713 recorded incidents, subsamples were selected to determine how official crime rates are generated and how police handle disputes between such persons as husbands and wives, parents and children, and neighbors. This report and analysis discusses these findings along with more recent research. Although the text notes the growing demand for dispute settlement in the United States by police, it delineates techniques by which people are encouraged to handle their own conflicts instead of relying on those in authority. Strategies that ultimately encourage self-help include cutting back on police response to domestic and 'street corner' disputes, designing of physical space to maximize natural surveillance, and introducing electronic communication.

NY. ACADEMIC PRESS. 1980. 284p.

By Robert C. Trojanowicz and Dennis W. Banas

Interviews conducted over a four-year period demonstrated that the Neighborhood Foot Patrol program implemented in Flint, Michigan, not only improved police-community relations, but reduced the disparity in perceptions of police performance between blacks and whites. The Flint Police Department operated solely with motorized or preventive patrols until January 1979. The Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program began in 1979 with 22 foot patrol officers assigned to 14 experimental areas which included about 20 percent of the city's population. In their innovative foot patrol program, officers were based in all types of socioeconomic neighborhoods and focused on the social service as well as the law enforcement aspects of their jobs. The program reduced crime rates by 8.7 percent and calls for service by 42 percent between 1979 and 1982. Attitudes of Flint residents were assessed through interviews conducted in 1979, 1981, 1982, and 1983, using samples drawn randomly from the patrol areas. The 1979 interviews showed that Flint residents did not deviate from the national pattern of blacks consistently rating the police less favorably than whites. Interviews conducted in the subsequent three years demonstrated a dramatic decrease in the differences between black and white perceptions of the foot patrol. The range of differences between the two groups' attitudes toward the police in 1979 was from 13.2 percent to 20.2 percent. In contrast, the greatest variation between blacks and whites in their perceptions of the foot patrols' performance was 8.5 percent, and many neighborhoods had a lower variation. In effect, residents felt they gained control over the operation of the police department, while the foot patrol officers became responsive to community needs and sensitive to neighborhood culture.

Michigan. The National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center. 1985 21p.

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By John F. Witte

FROM THE PREFACE: “This book is about industrial democracy in an American corporation. Throughout I will be referring to the term democracy in a somewhat extreme form in relation to the current usage of the word in American theories of organization. I have not considered workers' participation as merely a progressive management technique or a vague approach to a more "humanized" work place. Although I am not condemning these innovations for the ends they seek, it is nevertheless the case that most American experiments in this vein have taken advantage of the symbolic value of "democracy" while not applying the basic principles of democracy as it is conceived in political theory.”

Chicago & London. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS. 1982. 224p.

Trial Court Opinion The Constitutional Application of The Maryland Defective Delinquent Law

OPINION

This matter is now before this Court by direction of the Court of Appeals in its opinion reported in 238 Md., page 80, whereby we are required to "determine whether his (Daniels'] continued detention at Patuxent (Institution], is a violation of his Constitutional rights", after full hearing and making provision for adequate record of the proceedings with an explicit finding of fact and express conclusions of law.

IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY MARYLAND. 15 December 1965. 54p.

By Norval Morris and Gordon Hawkins

FROM THE JACKET: "We have a cure for crime," Morris and Hawkins boldly state. *We offer not a lightning panacea but rather a legislative and administrative regimen which would substantially reduce crime and the fear of crime." Crime seriously impairs the quality of life in this country. We hesitate to walk at night in our cities. Our level of criminal violence shocks the world. "To the student of comparative criminal statistics the United States may or may not be the land of the free, but it is most certainly the home of the brave." "There is now available to us," the authors argue, "a fund of information on the subject which, were it acted upon responsibly and steadily, would reduce crime and curtail the fear, suffering, and unhappiness it entails. It is not lack of knowledge, but rather a failure of political responsibility, that supports our present luxuriant crime rates." Hence the program this book offers is directed to the politicians and to the concerned citizens who are responsible for them….

Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 1970.

By Chief Anthony V. Bouza (Ret.)

FROM THE JACKET: The prevalence of crime and violence in our culture is all too visible in the crack-ridden streets of our cities. Chief Anthony V. Bouza, recently retired Chief of Police in Minneapolis and former Commander of Police in the Bronx, is one of the leading authorities and innovative thinkers on crime in this country. As an insider he gives the reader a candid tour of the police force -a world more often than not shrouded in silence. In a no-nonsense yet highly articulate manner, Chief Bouza reveals the underpinnings of the police force, where even the lowest man on the totem pole has more power - the power of life and death -than any CEO. He also demonstrates how the safety and future of our cities ultimately lie in the hands of the chief of police. As head of the department, the chief sets the tone and establishes the rules regulating all police behavior. In a society filled with ambiguous and changing values, Chief Bouza tackles many highly charged issues. How should officers react to calls from wives whose lives are threatened by their spouses? Should the right to bear arms include access to automatic weapons? Is a cop on every corner the answer to most of society's ills? Bouza answers…..

NY. Plenum Press. 1990,303p.

By Mark Blumberg

FROM THE ABSTRACT: “This study examines individual, situational and community determinates of firearms use by police officers. The individual officer analysis indicates that although a variety of social characteristics (i.e., race, height, military service, marital status at appointment, preservice firearms experience, and prior arrest record) do not distinguish between shooters and nonshooters, there are some important exceptions to this pattern. Younger officers and those with fewer years of police experience are significantly more likely to become involved in shooting Incidents and to be "repeat" shooters. On the other hand, females and officers drawn from the middle-class are some~ what less likely to shoot. However, the relatively small number of female officers in the sample and the large number of missing cases for officer-SES precludes a precise statistical analysis of these relationships.

Albany. NY. School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York. Dissertation. December 14, 1982. 358p.

By Michael J. Lynch and W. Byron Groves

FROM THE COVER: “Marxist thought has profoundly affected the growth of modern criminology. The social and economic determinism in Marx heavily influenced Enrico Ferri, one of criminology's founding positivists. Today's positivists continue that tradition in their search for the sociological causes of crime. Yesterday's radicals, the positivists, have become today's traditionalists. And today's radicals once again proclaim Marx as their guide. This book demonstrates how today's Marxist criminologists have broadened their vision. In addition to crime causation, they examine the political and economic interests that influence the formation of law and justice. Power, alienation, capital and many other classic Marxist concepts have been revived and applied to a radical understanding of punishment, corrections, police and the administration of justice.

NY. Harrow and Heston. 1986. 131p.

By Marc William Renzema

FROM THE ABSTRACT: “ABSTRACT

The anticipation of release from prison and the first months of parole long have been considered as stressful. Yet, past studies of this transition seldom have used the models and methods developed by psychologists and psychiatrists engaged in stress research. Guided by McGrath's (1970) model of the stress process, this dissertation explores the psychological stresses and supports experienced during the anticipation of release from prison and during the first 6 months after release. It also identifies adaptational strategies employed by parolees. This dissertation is based on interviews with a panel of 53 men released into a large metropolitan area from prisons in predominantly rural areas. Interviews were scheduled just prior to release and at 2 to 4 weeks, 3 months. and 6 months after release. Of the 212 interviews attempted, 172 were completed. Dach interview consisted of a focused segment. 22 psychophysiological syaptom questions derived from Langner (1962). and 20 fixed-response questions based on past studies of prison releases. Interviews were recorded and tratscribed. The focused segments were content analyzed for "concern" and "support" themes using categories derived from both past research and a 10% subsample of interview transcripts….”

Albany. NY. State University of New York. Dissertation. 1980. 336p.

By Michael Sherman and Gordon Hawkins

FROM THE PREFACE: “"Don't look back," Satchel Paige advised, "something might be gaining on you." Yet, of necessity, this book regards the future by looking over its shoulder at the past. In any consideration of the social institution of imprisonment especially in any attempt to change it--the weight of history must be placed in the balance. The recentexcellent works of David Rothman, Michel Foucault, and Michael Ignatieff have confirmed the importance of a historical perspective on any era's policy prescriptions.

This is, however, explicitly a policy book. In Chapter 5, the analysis of the past is allowed to inform some recommendations which mesh liberal and conservative views. Although in some cases we have been driven back to original sources, this is not a work of primary social history in which lessons are inferred from a mass of detail. Ours is an idiosyncratic view of the constraints imposed by traditions on future choices, and its policy lessons are not shared by many of the historians on whose work we have tried to build.”

Chicago and London. The University of Chicago Press. 1981. 156p.

By Joycelyn M. Pollock-Byrne

FROM THE PREFACE: Through the Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice Series, students are introduced to important topics that until now have been neglected or inadequately covered and that are relevant to criminal justice, criminology, law, political science, psychology. and sociology. The authors address philosophical and theoretical issues and analyze the most recent rescarch findings and their implications for practice. Consequendy, each volume will stimulate further thirking and debate on the topics it covers, in ad. dition to providing direction for the development and implementation of policy.

The topic of ethics has always been of critical importance to the field of criminal justice and criminology. Judging from recent reports of frequent ethical violations throughout the criminal justice system, this primer on morality, chics, and human behavior could not be more timely. The sensitivity and critical nature of the subject matter makes it secan surprising that greater attention has not been devoted to this topic. Since no similar text is currently available, this work represents the breaking of new ground, for which Joycelyn M. Pollock-Byrne is to be commended.

Pacific Grove, California. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 1989.

By Fred Cohen

FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF VOLUME 1: “This book addresses the legal issues that affect the mentally disordered inmate. Charters 1 and 2 set out the boundaries of the problem and give an overview of the legal issues generally. Chapters 3 and 4 provide a broad review of the laws governing the legal identity and basic rights of prisoners, including the right to treatment where a serious medical need exists and how that right carries over to a serious mental disorder. Subsequent chapters address in greater detail the problems in these areas and the legal discussions and holdings pertaining to them. The chapters provide extensive citations to leading cases and specific guidance on the legal obligations and duties of those who supervise or treat mentally disordered inmates, the rights of the incarcerated mentally ill, and best policies and practices. Problems related to specific populations are treated in detail. For example, Chapter 20 covers juvenile detainees and inmates and the special situations to which their cases can give rise. Chapter 21 covers sexual predators, discussing among other things the legal complexities associated with the rise of sex offender treatment programs.

Kingston, NJ. Civic Research Institute. 2017.-2018.

By Michael S. Serrill

New Debate Over a Famous Prison Experiment. To most of its 950 inmates and 389 staff, the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Norfolk is a prison like many other prisons….But the facility is now old and is beginning to fray around the edges….”

Corrections Magazine. August 1982. 8p.

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By Laud Humphreys

FROM THE FOREWORD: “…We also learn about the impact of societal definitions, even on such a secret and anonymous activity as the tearoom. Humphreys shows us that the structure of interaction there is adapted to the proscribed nature of the conduct that takes place and to the threats of the outside world (police, wise teenagers, or unsuspecting passers-by). We discover that the highly constrained interaction within the tearoom is a function not only of the desires of the participants to limit their involvement but also of stigmatization of their activity. Activity in the tearooms is organized to make what is highly stigmatized seem matter of fact and taken for granted…”

Chicago. Aldine. 1970. 199p.

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Edited by Carl R. Doering

FROM THE FOREWORD: “The following monographs were selected from the group describing an experiment in penology made at the Norfolk Prison Colony in Massachu¬setts. Mr. Howard B. Sill, Superintendent of the Colony from 1928 to 1934, organized and directed it. The Bureau of Social Hygiene, Inc., granted funds to the Department of Correction of the Commonwealth for the purpose of employing per¬sons qualified to observe and report upon the reeult8 of the experiment. Later, upon special request, the Bureau agreed to allow part of the grant to be uBed to aid in organizing the ex¬periment. The group employed to observe and help organize the project was later known aa the Re¬search Group, and consisted of men representing many professions and academic disciplines. The members of this group ranged from college pro¬fessors to student assistants and they included sociologists, penologists, psychologists, theo¬logians, engineers, lawyers, physicians, statis¬ticians, and social workers. Almost every one of the group participated in the collection of data and in the presentation of short reports, on various aspects of the experiment. The authors of the following monographs compiled and used material contributed by former and contemporary members of the Research Group but with freedom to select, analyze, and interpret.”

NY. Bureau Of Social Hygiene, Inc. 1940. 290p.

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By Mike Royko

FROM CHAPTER 1: “The workday begins early. Sometime after seven o'clock a black limousine glides out of the garage of the police station on the corner, moves less than a block, and stops in front of a weathered pink bungalow at 3536 South Lowe Avenue.Policeman Alphonsus Gilhooly, walking in front of the house, nods to the detective at the wheel of the limousine.It's an unlikely house for such a car. A passing stranger might think that a rich man had come back to visit his people in the old neighborhood. It's the kind of sturdy brick house, common to Chicago, that a fireman or printer would buy.Thousands like it were put up by contractors in the 1920s and 1930s from standard blueprints in an architectural style fondly dubbed "carpenter'sdelight." The outside of that pink house is deceiving. The inside is furnished in expensive Colonial-style furniture, the basement paneled in fine wood, and two days a week a woman comes in to help with the cleaning….”

Chicago. E.P. Dutton. 1971. 219p. USED BOOOK. MAY CONTAIN MARK-UP

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By Anthony Sorrentino

FROM THE INTRODUCTION: Chicago, home of some of the world's biggest criminals, has also been wheresome ofthe world's best criminologists have worked. But while the former, from Al Capone to the Blackstone Rangers, have been highly visible to the public, the criminologist's audience has been much smaller, more academic than public; this in spite of the enormous interest Americans have in crime and our belief, though often skeptical, that knowledge--or science, at any rate--is power, and necessary to an educated public in a democracy.

NY. Human Sciences Press. 1977. 261p. USED BOOK-CONTAINS MARK-UP

By George W. Fairweather, David H. Sanders , Louis G. Tornatzky, With Robert N. Harris, Jr.

from the preface: This book presents the results of a national experiment aimed at finding the parameters of social change in mental health organizations. While the experiment involves most mental hospitals in the nation, it is the hope of the experimenters that the groundwork has been laid for innovation util- ization experiments that transcend the mental health area. For it is the firm conviction of the authors that the major survival issue man will have to solve in the latter part of the 20th century and in the 21st century in- volves changing his institutional practices, behaviors, and values in more innovative directions

NY. Pergamon Press.. 1974. 226p. BOOK CONTAINS MARK-UP