By Norval Morris and Gordon Hawkins

FROM THE JACKET: "We have a cure for crime," Morris and Hawkins boldly state. *We offer not a lightning panacea but rather a legislative and administrative regimen which would substantially reduce crime and the fear of crime." Crime seriously impairs the quality of life in this country. We hesitate to walk at night in our cities. Our level of criminal violence shocks the world. "To the student of comparative criminal statistics the United States may or may not be the land of the free, but it is most certainly the home of the brave." "There is now available to us," the authors argue, "a fund of information on the subject which, were it acted upon responsibly and steadily, would reduce crime and curtail the fear, suffering, and unhappiness it entails. It is not lack of knowledge, but rather a failure of political responsibility, that supports our present luxuriant crime rates." Hence the program this book offers is directed to the politicians and to the concerned citizens who are responsible for them….

Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 1970.

By Chief Anthony V. Bouza (Ret.)

FROM THE JACKET: The prevalence of crime and violence in our culture is all too visible in the crack-ridden streets of our cities. Chief Anthony V. Bouza, recently retired Chief of Police in Minneapolis and former Commander of Police in the Bronx, is one of the leading authorities and innovative thinkers on crime in this country. As an insider he gives the reader a candid tour of the police force -a world more often than not shrouded in silence. In a no-nonsense yet highly articulate manner, Chief Bouza reveals the underpinnings of the police force, where even the lowest man on the totem pole has more power - the power of life and death -than any CEO. He also demonstrates how the safety and future of our cities ultimately lie in the hands of the chief of police. As head of the department, the chief sets the tone and establishes the rules regulating all police behavior. In a society filled with ambiguous and changing values, Chief Bouza tackles many highly charged issues. How should officers react to calls from wives whose lives are threatened by their spouses? Should the right to bear arms include access to automatic weapons? Is a cop on every corner the answer to most of society's ills? Bouza answers…..

NY. Plenum Press. 1990,303p.

By Mark Blumberg

FROM THE ABSTRACT: “This study examines individual, situational and community determinates of firearms use by police officers. The individual officer analysis indicates that although a variety of social characteristics (i.e., race, height, military service, marital status at appointment, preservice firearms experience, and prior arrest record) do not distinguish between shooters and nonshooters, there are some important exceptions to this pattern. Younger officers and those with fewer years of police experience are significantly more likely to become involved in shooting Incidents and to be "repeat" shooters. On the other hand, females and officers drawn from the middle-class are some~ what less likely to shoot. However, the relatively small number of female officers in the sample and the large number of missing cases for officer-SES precludes a precise statistical analysis of these relationships.

Albany. NY. School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York. Dissertation. December 14, 1982. 358p.

By Albert R. Gilgen

FROM TE ABSTRACT: “According to the theory of cognitive controls (Klein, 1951), leveling-sharpening represents an important dimension of cognitive structure. It is believed that memory traces of previous stimuli fuse or assimilate, and that they do so more for some individuals (levelers) than others (sharpeners). This supposedly leads the former to differentiate less among successive stimuli than the latter. The Squares Test, designed by Holman and Klein (1951), generally serves as the criterion task for the concept leveling-sharpening. The test consists of a series of 150 squares of light projected successively onto a black screen in an almost completely darkened room. The squares range in size from 1.2 to 13.7 inches and the series is made up of 10 overlapping subseries. Subseries 1 involves the 5 smallest sizes (presented in 3 different orders), and the series progresses in stepwise fashion from the smallest to the largest squares so that Subseries 10 includes only the 5 largest sized squares. Subjects (Ss) are required to estimate the size of each square…”

Michigan. Illinois. Michigan State University. Dissertation. 1965. 149p.

BY Kenneth G. Adams

FROM THE ABSTRACT: This dissertation investigates the delivery of mental healtn services in New York State prisons. Using new referral forms, detailed information on requests for services was collected at two institutions (n=263, n=250). Service delivery and follow-up information was abstracted from mental healtn files. Background information on referrea inmates (n=182, n=190) ana on comparison groups of non-referred inmates (n=256, n=254) was obtained from correctional files. Interviews were conducted win prison staff concerning referrals tney had made using a modified incident-focused tennique. The analysis chronologically examines stages of the referral process with particular attention to referral agents and the networks they establish….”

Albany. NY. State University of New York. Nelson A. Rockefeller College o Pudlic Affairs and Policy, School of Criminal Justice. Dissertation. 1984. 442p.

By John J. Gibbs

FROM THE ABSTRACT: “This dissertation explores the relationship between confinement setting (jail or prison) and self-destructive crises with special emphasis on the jail setting. The assumptions tested are (1) different incarceration environments pose different problems for the men they confine, and (2) jail is a more stressful environment than prison. These assumptions are examined by (1) comparing the personal characteristios of samples of self-destructive inmates in jail and prison with random samples of their respective populations, and (2) comparing jail and prison motives for self-destruction which emerged from interviews with men who injured themselves in jail or prison. The dissertation relies on 333 tape recorded and transcribed interviews with men who had injured themselves while confined and 77 control interviews with men who had not infured themselves while incarcerated…..”

Albany, NY. School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York. Dissertation. August, 1978. 349p.

By R. Lance Shotland

FROM THE ABSTRACT: Within the literature produced by several student movements some very specific complaints pertaining to the social structure of the university appear. Two student movements on two different campuses were viewed with regard to complaints about the social structure of the university. The activist students complained that they were socially separated from the faculty, from the administrators and from other students. It was hypothesized that students would be connected to other students, faculty members and administrators by the longest informal communication channels. On the basis of Leavitt's (1958) study, it was also hypothesized that administrators would have the shortest informal communication channels to other administrators, faculty and students. The technique used in the present study to measure the length of informal communication channels was first used by Milgram (1967). Milgram called the technique the "Small World Method."….”

Michigan State University. Ph.D. Thesis. 1970. 148p.

By Michael J. Lynch and W. Byron Groves

FROM THE COVER: “Marxist thought has profoundly affected the growth of modern criminology. The social and economic determinism in Marx heavily influenced Enrico Ferri, one of criminology's founding positivists. Today's positivists continue that tradition in their search for the sociological causes of crime. Yesterday's radicals, the positivists, have become today's traditionalists. And today's radicals once again proclaim Marx as their guide. This book demonstrates how today's Marxist criminologists have broadened their vision. In addition to crime causation, they examine the political and economic interests that influence the formation of law and justice. Power, alienation, capital and many other classic Marxist concepts have been revived and applied to a radical understanding of punishment, corrections, police and the administration of justice.

NY. Harrow and Heston. 1986. 131p.

By Nancy Jean Smyth

FROM THE INTRODUCTION: “The purpose of this study is to examine the environmentcentered preferences of prison inmates who are at high risk of maladaptation, and to explore the relationship between these preferences and the inmates' adaptation to prison. The 33 male inmates in this study have all been identified at some juncture as having experienced some difficulty adapting to prison. In this case, all the inmates engaged in at least one parasuicide? during their incarceration. These inmates can be considered to be at high risk for future maladaptation in prison. Without assistance, some of these high risk inmates may adapt reasonably well to prison. However, it is likely that a portion of this group will experience some difficulties in adapting to prison. Through examining the adaptation of these high risk inmates as well as their concerns and preferences related to the environment, it was hoped that information would be discovered that would aid in the identification and treatment of those inmates at risk for continued maladaptation…Extreme, prolonged stress can create difficulties for many people; the prison environment is no exception to this…”

Albany. NY. Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy School of Social Welfare. 1990. 124p.

By Marc William Renzema

FROM THE ABSTRACT: “ABSTRACT

The anticipation of release from prison and the first months of parole long have been considered as stressful. Yet, past studies of this transition seldom have used the models and methods developed by psychologists and psychiatrists engaged in stress research. Guided by McGrath's (1970) model of the stress process, this dissertation explores the psychological stresses and supports experienced during the anticipation of release from prison and during the first 6 months after release. It also identifies adaptational strategies employed by parolees. This dissertation is based on interviews with a panel of 53 men released into a large metropolitan area from prisons in predominantly rural areas. Interviews were scheduled just prior to release and at 2 to 4 weeks, 3 months. and 6 months after release. Of the 212 interviews attempted, 172 were completed. Dach interview consisted of a focused segment. 22 psychophysiological syaptom questions derived from Langner (1962). and 20 fixed-response questions based on past studies of prison releases. Interviews were recorded and tratscribed. The focused segments were content analyzed for "concern" and "support" themes using categories derived from both past research and a 10% subsample of interview transcripts….”

Albany. NY. State University of New York. Dissertation. 1980. 336p.

By Irving A. Spergel

FROM THE PREFACE: “This book is an organizational approach to the problems of people living in the slums and inner areas of our large cities. It is concerned mainly with youth and delinquency; but the ideas, principles, and techniques for community action discussed in it are relevant to other social problems which afflict those trapped in the ghettoes. The point of view of the book is social work; at the same time a wide variety of perspectives of community problem solving is examined. New structures, strategies, and tactics have evolved from the anti-poverty programs, civil rights movement, black power struggles, new types of grass-roots organizing, and large scale social planning, but have not been fully explored for their possible use in social work practice. The present work does not pretend to prescribe an appropriate social work methodology to community work

Chicago. The University of Chicago Press.

By Barbara A. Rockell

FROM THE COVER: “ Barbara Rockell's beautifully readable book offers representative narratives of the careers of women who gravitate through the revolving doors of our jails. In these "bittersweet" accounts Rockell highlights heretofore neglected observations drawn from the lives of these women, such as the fact that one "witnesses] among them choice; rationality; and, more important, a great deal of resilience." Although Rockell's monograph includes painstaking reviews of the published scholarship in sociology, women's studies, and criminology, her perspective is both original and credible, and this combination makes her book not only a great read but a refreshing source of ideas and an indispensable addendum to the literature.” -Hans Toch, PhD, Distinguished Professor, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany

Washington, DC. American Psychological Association. 2008. 230.

By R. Emerson Dobash-Russell Dobash

FROM THE JACKET: “It is far more likely that a woman will be assaulted, raped, or killed by her husband than by a stranger. Yet a maltreated wife is left to struggle alone because of widespread be lies that the sanctity and privacy of marriage must not be intruded upon, that the husband has certain "rights," or that the woman her self may be at fault. This book thoroughly documents the fact that violence in the home is systematically and disproportionately directed against women, and it demonstrates that wife-beating is a form of the husband's control and domina• tion through a socially approved marital hierarchy. Unlike more narrow investigations of "domestic violence." it places the phenomenon of wife-beating firmly in its social and historical context. The authors make a case against patriarchy itself, and against its sup port in the helping professions, police, courtrooms, and hospitals.”

The authors give a grim but illuminating account of patriarchal beliefs and practices in Roman, Anglo Saxon, and American traditions that have supported the right of a husband to dominate and chastise his wife. (As recently as 1853, a reform-minded legislator found it necessary to propose to the English House of Commons that married women should be treated no worse than domestic animals.)…”

NY. Macmillan. 1979. 362p.

By Daniel Lockwood

FROM THE JACKET: “This is the first systematic inquiry into the causes and effects of male sexual aggression in prisons- a severe problem found in penal institutions. Based on extensive interviews with aggressors, victims and staff, Prison Serval Violence discusses such topics as the psychological impact of sexual threats and attacks on victims, victim selection, rates of victimization, target violence and staff handling of the problem.

NY. Elsevier. 1980. 175p.

By Anne Campbell

FROM THE JACKET: “Why are men more aggressive than women? To find out, psychologist and criminologist Anne Campbell listened to the voices of ordinary men and women, as well as people for whom aggression is a central fact of life--robbers and gang members. The answer, she argues, lies not only in biology or in child rearing but in how men and women form opinions about their own aggression. Women believe their aggression results from a loss of self-control, while men see their behavior as a means of gaining control over others. Daughters are deeply ashamed when they get angry, but sons learn to associate aggression with integrity, courage, and triumph.

Campbell shows how men's and women's different views of anger and restraint profoundly affect their actions--from rage in marriage to violence in the streets--and what this means for us all. The misreading of the meaning of aggression drives a wedge between the sexes, affecting everything from their ability to communicate with each other to the way that traditionally male-dominated spheres such as law or medicine pathologize and punish women's aggression.”

NY. Basic Books. 1993. 208p.

By Michael Sherman and Gordon Hawkins

FROM THE PREFACE: “"Don't look back," Satchel Paige advised, "something might be gaining on you." Yet, of necessity, this book regards the future by looking over its shoulder at the past. In any consideration of the social institution of imprisonment especially in any attempt to change it--the weight of history must be placed in the balance. The recentexcellent works of David Rothman, Michel Foucault, and Michael Ignatieff have confirmed the importance of a historical perspective on any era's policy prescriptions.

This is, however, explicitly a policy book. In Chapter 5, the analysis of the past is allowed to inform some recommendations which mesh liberal and conservative views. Although in some cases we have been driven back to original sources, this is not a work of primary social history in which lessons are inferred from a mass of detail. Ours is an idiosyncratic view of the constraints imposed by traditions on future choices, and its policy lessons are not shared by many of the historians on whose work we have tried to build.”

Chicago and London. The University of Chicago Press. 1981. 156p.

By Joycelyn M. Pollock-Byrne

FROM THE PREFACE: Through the Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice Series, students are introduced to important topics that until now have been neglected or inadequately covered and that are relevant to criminal justice, criminology, law, political science, psychology. and sociology. The authors address philosophical and theoretical issues and analyze the most recent rescarch findings and their implications for practice. Consequendy, each volume will stimulate further thirking and debate on the topics it covers, in ad. dition to providing direction for the development and implementation of policy.

The topic of ethics has always been of critical importance to the field of criminal justice and criminology. Judging from recent reports of frequent ethical violations throughout the criminal justice system, this primer on morality, chics, and human behavior could not be more timely. The sensitivity and critical nature of the subject matter makes it secan surprising that greater attention has not been devoted to this topic. Since no similar text is currently available, this work represents the breaking of new ground, for which Joycelyn M. Pollock-Byrne is to be commended.

Pacific Grove, California. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 1989.

By Robert Johnson

FROM THE PREFACE: “Most Americans favor capital punishment. The reasons vary, but many proponents of the death penalty believe that executions prevent murder. Capital punishment, for them, is an antidote to homicide. Simple vengeance is enough for others, who insist that killers should suffer the ultimate penalty for their grievous crimes. A few adopt the pose of the cool, detached pragmatist. They contend that the death penalty pays its own way by eliminating hardened and unrepentant offenders. These dead men, however dangerous in life, commit no more crimes. Whatever the real or imagined merits of capital punishment, no rationale for the death penalty demands warehousing of prisoners under sentence of death. The punishment is death and nothing more. There is neither a mandate nor a justification for inhumane confinement prior to imposition of sentence. Yet warehousing for death, of an empty and sometimes brutal nature, is the universal fate of condemned prisoners. The enormous suffering caused by this human warehousing, rendered in the words of the prisoners themselves, is the subject of this book.”

Illinois. Waveland Press. 1981. 163p.

By Russell P. Dobash, R. Emerson Dobash and Sue Gutteridge

FROM CHAPTER 1; “The imprisonment of women in Britain and the United States today reflects the end product of a process that has its roots in early nineteenth-century British prisons. Confining women and men in prisons, asylums and workhouses was thought to be the best way of dealing with many of the problems that beset society including social unrest and crime. A prison was meant to be a world that would lead to physical discipline and moral transformation. From the very beginning, women in prison were treated differently from men, considered more morally depraved and corrupt and in need of special, closer forms of control and confinement. They became a pariah class, separate and distinct from the ideal, chaste and morally correct women of the Victorian era and this continues even today…”

Oxford. Basil Blackwell. 1986. 271p.

By Lynne Zimmer

The hiring of women as guards in men’s prisons represents a major breakthrough in women’s efforts to achieve full sexual equality in the workplace. This dramatic social change has required great flexibility on the part of the women guards as well as substantial adjustments by their male counterparts, prison administrators, and the inmates themselves. In the first comprehensive study of this phenomenon, Lynn Zimmer examines the experiences of the women and men involved in the painful process of transition from a segregated to an integrated prison environment. Women Guarding Men is significant not only for its vivid depiction of their trials, but for its contribution to a general theory of women’s occupational and organizational behavior.

Chicago. Univ. Chicago Press. 1986. 278p.