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Hermann Mannheim and Leslie T. Wilkins

This book, officially sponsored by the Home Office, is a report of the first criminological prediction study carried out in England. The collaboration of iwo authors eminent respectively in the distinct disciplines of criminology and statistics gives unusual authority to their findings, and has led to methodological advances of considerable interest. They have aimed to establish a method of prediction which meets their postulated criteria of repeatability, validity and power, efficiency and simplicity. A validation study, which confirmed their initial results.

London. HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. 1955. 287p.

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By Ann Cordilia

Part One of the study focuses on the prison as a total institution that desocializes inmates by depriving them of access to conventional adult roles. Resocialization then occurs within the prison as inmates learn new behaviors to survive in prison. The research is grounded empirically in the inmates' perceptions of the ways in which prison has affected them. The 32 inmates interviewed mentioned the following five areas most often: (1) dependency on the prison system to order their lives and provide for material needs, (2) living with other inmates, (3) being cut off from friends and family, (4) being cut off from work, and (5) having limited access to drugs and alcohol. It is concluded that the way a prisoner adapts is based on how he perceives his situation and his desire to mitigate pain and capitalize on whatever opportunities are available. Part Two examines the reentry of ex-inmates into society. Twenty-eight of the 32 inmates in the original sample were interviewed over periods ranging from 1 month to 1 year after release. The subjects' postrelease behavior was studied in relation to the changes they had undergone in prison. Specifically, the research examined the effects of prison skill-learning on four central aspects of reentry: structuring a life, resuming work roles, interacting with people, and controlling alcohol and drug use. It was found that prison skills did not prepare ex-inmates to adjust successfully in these aspects of reentry.

Cambridge, Massachusetts. SCHENKMAN PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.. 1983. 138p.

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By Donald Black

The text uses the sociological theory of law to predict and explain police behavior in such settings as police patrol, investigations, and the handling of vice, juveniles, traffic, and rebellion. The text considers how cases come to the attention of police and other legal officials and indicates the implications of these patterns for social control through law. The field study was conducted in Boston, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., during the summer of 1966. Thirty-six observers with backgrounds in law, social science, and police administration systematically recorded routine encounters between uniformed patrol officers and citizens. The observers accompanied patrol officers on all work shifts everyday for 7 weeks in each city. (Evening shifts were given added weight because of their known higher rates of police activity.) From the total of 5,713 recorded incidents, subsamples were selected to determine how official crime rates are generated and how police handle disputes between such persons as husbands and wives, parents and children, and neighbors. This report and analysis discusses these findings along with more recent research. Although the text notes the growing demand for dispute settlement in the United States by police, it delineates techniques by which people are encouraged to handle their own conflicts instead of relying on those in authority. Strategies that ultimately encourage self-help include cutting back on police response to domestic and 'street corner' disputes, designing of physical space to maximize natural surveillance, and introducing electronic communication.

NY. ACADEMIC PRESS. 1980. 284p.

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BY LEONARD W. DOOB

When is it appropriate to intervene in individual or large-scale disputes? How would intervention be most effective in helping an abused child, in resolving conflicts between labor and management, in mediating in a foreign war? In this wide-ranging and original book, a distinguished social psychologist provides a broad overview and analysis of the phenomenon of intervention in human affairs. Drawing on many historical and current examples of intervention, Leonard W. Doob considers what must be taken into account in the planning, selection, timing, implementation, and evaluation of interventions. He also focuses on the morality of intervening-which is, after all, interfering with the judgment or behavior of other persons-discussing a variety of situations,

New Haven and London. Yale University Press. 1993. 279p

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Edited by SAWYER F. SYLVESTER, JR.

THE WRITINGS INCLUDED REPRESENT EVERY PERIOD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF CRIMINOLOGY, BEGINNING WITH THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. EACH ARTICLE EXEMPLIFIES THE MOVEMENT AWAY FROM A ONE-DIMENSIONAL STUDY OF PUNITIVE MEASURES AND CRIMINOLOGY TO A BROADER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOLOGICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND HISTORICAL FACTORS INVOLVED. THE AUTHORS REPRESENTED INCLUDE BECCARIA, QUETELET, MAYHEW, LOMBROSO, TARDE, FERRI, BONGER, HEALY, SELLIN, AND SUTHERLAND. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY IS GIVEN OF EACH ONE. A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY IS FURNISHED.

Cambridge, Massachusetts. SCHENKMAN PUBLISHING COMPANY.. 1972. 185p.

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Edited by Angus Campbell and Philip E. Converse

The book deals with the meaning of change from two points of view. First, it is interested in the human meaning which people attribute to the complex social environment in which they find themselves; their understanding of group relations, the political process, and the consumer economy in which they participate. Secondly, it discusses the impact that the various alternatives offered by the environment have on the nature of their lives and the fulfillment of those lives.

NY. RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION. 1972. 556p.

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By Joanne Belknap, Merry Morash, and Robert Trojanowicz

Theories of role identity were used to determine officers' ideal, actual, and behavioral identities in interactions with teenagers, complainants, and supervisors when dealing with a case of 'rowdy teens.' A purposive sample was drawn representing foot and motor patrol, as well as race (black and white) and gender. The findings support the implementation of the community police model as was intended by the staff, and suggests the validity of the foot patrol concept. The results did not find gender, race, education, and years on the force predictive of police identity orientation or behavior. However, differences between foot and motor patrol in terms of role identity orientation and behavior were found. The research also suggests the importance of role identity orientation as a useful concept in explaining police behavior, and the discussion pinpoints areas and methods that would be fruitful in future research.

Michigan. The National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center. 1986. 39p.

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Edited by J. RICHARD HACKMAN and J. LLOYD SUTTLE

Monograph on management approaches to quality of working life in industrial enterprises in the USA - contains definitions of job satisfaction, and covers occupational psychology and occupational sociology in career development, Motivation and job enrichment through the redesign of business organization, the impact thereof on absenteeism, the choice of wage payment systems, intergroup relations, personnel management and supervisory roles, government policy on interest group activities, etc.

Santa Monica, California. GOODYEAR PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. 1977. 505p.