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Posts tagged adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
Disposable Children: The Prevalence of Child Abuse and Trauma Among Children Prosecuted as Adults in Maryland

By Human Rights for Kids

This report details the results of a study on the prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and childhood trauma among people incarcerated in Maryland state prisons for crimes they committed as children. While the number of children detained in the juvenile justice system has sharply declined over the past two decades, this promising trend leaves out a troubling fact: Children are still prosecuted in the adult criminal justice system in every state in the country. In Maryland, more children are charged as adults per capita than in any other state save Alabama. And Maryland ranks in the top five states for the percentage of its prison population that has been incarcerated since childhood. To complete this report, researchers mailed ACE surveys to 882 people in Maryland who were incarcerated in adult prisons since childhood; 124 individuals responded. These responses indicated an average ACE score of 6.38 out of 10, and nearly 70% of respondents reported experiencing six or more ACEs prior to their incarceration. The most common ACEs identified in the responses were parental separation, household substance abuse, emotional and physical abuse and the incarceration of a household member.

Washington, DC: Human Rights for Kids, 2024. 34p.

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Safeguarding Futures: Reducing the Risk of Criminal Justice Involvement for Children in Contact with the Social Care System

By Stephen Whitehead, Carla McDonald-Heffernan, and Anna Leyland

The past decade has seen significant progress in reducing the number of children coming into the youth justice system and into youth custody in particular. Innovations such as the spread of youth diversion and a greater awareness of child exploitation as a form of modern slavery have allowed many children to avoid the stigma and harm of formal criminal justice processing. However, this progress is not necessarily available to all children equally. One group of children who face particular challenges are those who have contact with the children’s social care system. This contact, which can range from a referral with no further action to statutory child protection interventions, including being taken into care, is associated with adverse childhood experiences such as poverty, abuse, neglect, parental mental health issues and substance use. Children with social care contact are more likely to have experienced childhood trauma and are more likely to have special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). These factors are associated with a range of negative outcomes, including criminal justice system contact. However, while much is known about the increased risk of criminalisation for children taken into care, less is known about outcomes for children with lower levels of social care contact.

London and Sheffield: The Centre for Justice Innovation and the Centre for Care), 2025. 39p.

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