By Dorothea Lynde Dix.

“ Society, during the last hundred years, has been alternately perplexed and encouraged, defeated and successful, respecting the two great questions— how shall the criminal and pauper be disposed of, in order to reduce crime and reform the criminal on the one hand, and, on the other, to diminish pauperism and restore the pauper to useful citizenship 1 Though progress has been made, through the efforts of energetic and enlightened persons, directed to the attainment of these ends, all know that society is very far from realizing their accomplishment. We accord earnest and grateful praise to those who have procured the benefits at present possessed ; and, with careful zeal, we would endeavor to advance a work, which succeeding generations must toil to perfect and complete. Moralists and philosophers, with pietists and philanthropists, have urged upon "communities the truer course of employing early preventive measures, rather than expend the energies, at a late period, in futile attempts to govern and lead by correct and virtuous habits, the long-time criminal, and the life-long indolent and ignorant

Boston : Printed by Munroe & Francis, 1845. 108p.

By Eugene O’Dunne, Redmond C. Stewart and George L. Jones

Report of Maryland Penitentiary Penal Commission, appointed July 24, 1912.

Baltimore: The Commission, 1913. 341p.

By Mary Carpenter.

“The English and the Irish Convict Systems -were both founded on the Act of Parliament of 1853. The object of that Act ^vaa to make such changes in the system adopted towards Convicts, as would prepare them for discharge in oiu' own country, since our Colonial provinces were virtually closed against them, "Western Australia only consenting still to receive a small number annually. "We have seen that in England the system has hitherto been a failure, but have traced that failure, not to the principles on which that and the subsequent one of 1857 were founded, but to certain omissions and additions which were incompatible with the successful working of the principles. We now proceed to the examination of the Irish Convict System, which has fully developed the principles of both those Acts. The results of the ten years during which it has been in operation demonstrate, beyond any possibility of doubt to an impartial observer, not only the truth of tlio principles embodied in the Acts of Parliament, but also of those moral principles which are so embodied in it as to constitute its peculiar features, and of the excellence of the machinery by which these are brought into action. The wonderful combinations of all these by the founder of the system,Sir Walter Crofton, demands from us very close investigation of its principles, and examination of its details.

London: Longman, 1864. vol. 2. 389p.

Introduction by Charles Tibbits.

“ The name of London's famous and terrible prison Newgate has for centuries conjured to the public mind the gloomiest picture that the imagination of the listener could conceive of human retribution on the criminal and depraved. What the name of theBastille was in France to the person who might find himself at variance with political powers the name of Newgate was to the person who bore in himself the consciousness of crime. Its terrible reputation as the place of vengeance on offenders against theLaws seems to have a remarkable antiquity. Which prison was first instituted there is no record. As early as 121 1 however we have the news of its dungeons being filled with offenders. In I334..a commission was appointed by the authorities to consider the tortures then in use to extort confessions from the unfortunate wretches within its grim hold. From one end of the country to the;other Newgate became known as a place where all the terrors of the Law awaited the guilty. Dipping Into its gloomy annals one cannot help also arriving at the conviction that its terrors were not wholly reserved for the guilty. They overtook the unfortunate innocent sometimes. The inscription on the old Edinborough Tolbooth would excellently apply to it-—even as it will apply to many of our prisons to-day.”

London: Sisley's, 1908. 327p.

A Symposium by Julia Kippen Jaffray and George Gordon Battle.

Contents: I. The prisoner and the courts / by William H. Wadhams -- II. The prisoner himself. Part I. / by Bernard H. Glueck. Part II / by Thomas W. Salmon -- III. The prisoner--ward or slave? / by Karl W. Kirchwey -- IV. The control over the prisoner. Part I. Federal / by George Gordon Battle. Part II. State / by E. Stagg Whitin -- V. Self-government by the prisoner. Part I. Self-government in a state prison / by Thomas Mott Osborne. Part II. Self-government in a reformatory / by E. Kent Hubbard -- VI. The prison officer / by Frederick A. Dorner -- VII. Industrial training for the prisoner / by Arthur D. Dean -- VIII. The prisoner in the road camp / by Charles Henry Davis -- IX. The union man and the prisoner / by Collis Lovely -- X. The man who comes out of prison / by R.J. Caldwell -- XI. The community center and the delinquent / by John Collier. Boston:

Little, Brown, 1917. 250p.

Prison Reform League

“This book deals with crime and the treatment of criminals. It states facts of vital importance to every man and woman, and adds deductions that boldly challenge contradiction. The facts have been gathered from the best governmental and official reports available, and from noted writers who have made this field their special study. The deductions stand on their own logical merits, but are supported by numerous quotations. The work has grown naturally out of the researches set on foot by the Prison Reform League, and, while submitted to the public at large, is designed more particularly for the use of those whose profession is the pen, the pulpit or the platform, in the hope that it may promote a more intelligent discussion of a subject that is calling imperiously for thorough ventilation.”

Los Angeles: Prison Reform League Publishing, 1910. 320p.

By Kent F. Schull.

Microcosms Of Modernity. “While researching in the Imperial Ottoman Archives in Istanbul I found a treasure trove of untapped documents related to penal institutions and prison reform in the late Ottoman Empire. I quickly realised how integral criminal justice reforms, including prisons, were to Ottoman plans to restructure the empire comprehensively. I also recognised that prisons were intrinsic to many facets of Ottoman modernity and nation-state construction during the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries….Similar to Foucault’s assessment of French prisons, I argue that various late Ottoman administrations utilised prisons as important instruments of social control and discipline.”

Edinburgh University Press (2014) 241p.

By Charles M. Skinner.

“How slenderly we balance between right and wrong! The moment ary temptation, the sudden stroke of passion, the flash of an evil thought, the suggestion of a selfish motive, may turn us from the right forever.”

Harrow and Heston Classic Reprint. (1902) 60 pages.

By Really McBride.

“The primary purpose of this text is to look at punishment as a central problem of political order. Sociologists, legal scholars, and criminologists study penal regimes: the discipline of political science, with notable exceptions, has ceded this ground. 1 This is a terrible mistake: as I will demonstrate, punishment is both a uniquely revealing lens into how political regimes work as well as a central problem for political administration that requires careful negotiation of the stated ideals of a polity in the exercise of power.”

University of Michigan Press (2007) 205p.

By Alice Morse Earle.

A brief and somewhat sensational review of typical punishments of the middle ages with illustrations of each..

Chicago. Stone (1896) 173p.

By A. Merchant.

Edited by Frank Henderson. “To a kind and devoted brother, who cheered me with words of Christian sympathy and brotherly love during the darkest and most desolate hours of my past unhappy career, the following pages are affectionately inscribed by the author.”

Richard Bentley et al. publishers to her Majesty (1869) 259 pages.

By David T. Johnson.

“By arguing that he opposes capital punishment but not in this case, Murakami is articulating a sensibility—the death penalty is “unavoidable” (yamu o enai)—that is ubiquitous in Japan’s culture of capital punishment.”

Palgrave (2019) 139p.

By G. Geltner.

Corporal Punishment and Cultural Identity from Antiquity to the Present.“Corporal punishment is an evocative, almost self-explanatory term. But like other concepts with powerful and immediate connotations, it is poorly understood and rarely interrogated. Outside academia, and often within it, corporal punishment is the subject of simplistic analyses and misinformed expositions. The concept itself is ill-defined, its comparative history (as traced by historians of punishment) neglected, and there is little insight into its functions and meaning in a given cultural context,”

Amsterdam University Press (2014) 113p.

By Ida B. Wells-Barnett.

Lynch Law in All Its Phases. “The Afro-American is not a bestial race. If this work can contribute in any way toward proving this, and at the same time arouse the conscience of the American people to a demand for justice to every citizen, and punishment by law for the lawless, I shall feel I have done my race a service. Other considerations are of minor importance.”

Harrow and Heston Classic Reprint. (1892, 1893, 1894) 33 pages.

By Ida B. Wells-Barnett.

A Six-Weeks’ Record in the Center of Southern Civilization, As Faithfully Chronicled by the “Atlanta Journal” and the “Atlanta Constitution.” Also the full report ofLouis P. Levin. The Chicago Detective Sent to Investigate the Burning of Samuel Hose, the Torture and Hanging of Elijah Strickland, the Colored Preacher, and the Lynching of Nine Men for Alleged Arson. This Pamphlet is Circulated by Chicago Colored Citizens. 2939 Princeton Avenue, Chicago.

Harrow and Heston Classic Reprint. (1899) 20 pages.

By Sara M. Benson.

Race, Leavenworth, and the Culture of Law. Built in the 1890s at the center of the nation, Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary was designed specifically to be a replica of the US Capitol Building. But why? The Prison of Democracy explains the political significance of a prison built to mimic one of America’s monuments to democracy. Benson argues that Leavenworth reshaped the design of punishment in America by gradually normalizing state-inflicted violence against citizens.

UC Press (2019) 209 pages.

Report of the Principal Keeper.

Contains many statistics on inmates and other day-to-day activities in the penitentiary. In his introduction, the Keeper pronounces the penitentiary in perfect condition.

Harrow and Heston Classic Reprint. (1892) 112 pages.

By Mrs. Mary B. Talbert and the anti-lynching crusaders..

Anti-Lynching crusaders are a band of women organized to stop lynching. Their slogan is: “A Million Women United To Stop Lynching.” They are trying to raise at least one dollar from every woman united with them and to finish this work on or before January 1st, 1923. ….How many people realize that since 1889 eighty-three women are known to have been lynched?

Harrow and Heston Classic Reprint. (1923) 8 pages.􏰁􏰂

By Fiona De Londras and Máiréad Enright.

Reforming Irish abortion law. The 8th Amendment to the Irish Constitution was ratified in 1983,1 and provides—in the form of Article 40.3.3—that: “The State acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and, with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother, guarantees in its laws to respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate that right.” At first glance, the 8th Amendment may seem innocuous or merely aspirational. However, over time this provision, which could have been read in dozens of ways, has come to ground a near-absolute prohibition on abortion in Irish law.

Policy Press. (2018) 165 pages.

By Graeme R. Newman

Not everyone will agree with this book. Some will say it is a case for torture. It is not. But everyone who reads it, especially those concerned that today's longer, tougher sentences are turning the U.S. into an "inmate nation"-will be forced to rethink exactly what we mean by punishment. And justice. This book Is for everyone outraged by crime-and by the chaos of our criminal justice system. Why, Graeme Newman asks, has reform after reform failed to halt the spread of crime? How can we demand long, mandatory sentences when voters refuse to spend the money to build more and bigger prisons? Does anyone know what to do with those who break the law? An exciting sequel “Civilization and Barbarism: Punishing Criminals in the 20th Century” published by SUNY Press, takes the argument way beyond anything before.

Harrow and Heston Publishers. 2021. 166p.