By Mariam Elgabry , Darren Nesbeth , Shane Johnson 

Background

The way science is practiced is changing and forecasting biotechnology crime trends remains a challenge as future misuses become more sophisticated.

Methods

A parallel Delphi study was conducted to elicit future biotechnology scenarios from two groups of experts. Traditional experts, such as professionals in national security/intelligence, were interviewed. They were asked to forecast emerging crime trends facilitated by biotechnology and what should be done to safeguard against them. Non-traditional experts, such as “biohackers” who experiment with biotechnology in unexpected ways, were also interviewed. The study entailed three rounds to obtain consensus on (i) biotechnology misuse anticipated and (ii) potential prevention strategies expected.

Results

Traditional and non-traditional experts strongly agreed that misuse is anticipated within the cyber-infrastructure of, for example, medical devices and hospitals, through breaches and corporate espionage. Preventative steps that both groups strongly advocated involved increasing public biosecurity literacy, and funding towards addressing biotechnology security. Both groups agreed that the responsibility for mitigation includes government bodies. Non-traditional experts generated more scenarios and had a greater diversity of views.

Discussion

A systematic, anonymous and independent interaction with a diverse panel of experts provided meaningful insights for anticipating emerging trends in biotechnology crime. A multi-sector intervention strategy is proposed. 

Futures Volume 141, August 2022, 102970

By Luke Johnson , Kerry Gutridge, Julie Parkes, Anjana Roy, Emma Plugge

Objective To examine the extent, nature and quality of literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of imprisoned people and prison staff. Design Scoping review. Data sources PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Global Health, Cochrane, PsycINFO, PsychExtra, Web of Science and Scopus were searched for any paper from 2019 onwards that focused on the mental health impact of COVID-19 on imprisoned people and prison staff. A grey literature search focused on international and government sources and professional bodies representing healthcare, public health and prison staff was also performed. We also performed hand searching of the reference lists of included studies. Eligibility criteria for selection of studies All papers, regardless of study design, were included if they examined the mental health of imprisoned people or prison staff specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic. Imprisoned people could be of any age and from any countries. All languages were included. Two independent reviewers quality assessed appropriate papers. Results Of 647 articles found, 83 were eligible for inclusion, the majority (58%) of which were opinion pieces. The articles focused on the challenges to prisoner mental health. Fear of COVID-19, the impact of isolation, discontinuation of prison visits and reduced mental health services were all likely to have an adverse effect on the mental well-being of imprisoned people. The limited research and poor quality of articles included mean that the findings are not conclusive. However, they suggest a significant adverse impact on the mental health and wellbeing of those who live and work in prisons. Conclusions It is key to address the mental health impacts of the pandemic on people who live and work in prisons. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for getting the balance between infection control imperatives and the fundamental human rights of prison populations. 

   BMJ Open 2021;11:e046547. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2020-046547  

By Neil R. Hogan, Ethan Q. Davidge and Gabriela Corabian

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been put forth as a potential means of improving and expediting violence risk assessment in forensic psychiatry. Furthermore, it has been proffered as a means of mitigating bias by replacing subjective human judgements with unadulterated data-driven predictions. A recent ethics analysis of AI-informed violence risk assessment enumerated some potential benefits, ethics concerns, and recommendations for further discussion. The current review builds on this previous work by highlighting additional important practical and ethics considerations. These include extant technology for violence risk assessment, paradigmatic concerns with the application of AI to risk assessment and management, and empirical evidence of racial bias in the criminal justice system. Emphasis is given to problems of informed consent, maleficence (e.g., the known iatrogenic effects of overly punitive sanctions), and justice (particularly racial justice). AI appears well suited to certain medical applications, such as the interpretation of diagnostic images, and may well surpass human judgement in accuracy or efficiency with respect to some important tasks. Caution is necessary, however, when applying AI to processes like violence risk assessment that do not conform clearly to simple classification paradigms.  

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Vol. 49, Issue 3 1 Sep 2021

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Translated by Philip Vellacott

"Euripides: The Bacchae and Other Plays" presents a collection of thought-provoking dramas by the renowned ancient Greek playwright. In "The Bacchae," Euripides delves into the clash between rationality and primal instinct, exploring the consequences of denying the power of the gods. This tragedy, along with other plays like "Ion" and "Iphigenia at Aulis," showcases Euripides' ability to weave complex characters and timeless themes into captivating narratives. Through his exploration of human nature, morality, and the divine, Euripides continues to captivate readers with his enduring insights into the human experience. This collection offers a compelling glimpse into the dramatic world of one of the greatest playwrights of classical antiquity."

NY. London. Penguin. 1954. 251p.

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BY WILLIAM JAMES

"The Will to Believe: And Other Essays in Popular Philosophy" is a thought-provoking collection of essays by renowned philosopher William James. Delving into the realms of belief, faith, and truth, James challenges readers to explore the significance of our deepest convictions in shaping our lives. Through engaging prose and philosophical insight, this book invites readers to contemplate the nature of belief and the power it holds over our actions and perceptions. Whether you are an avid philosopher or simply curious about the complexities of human thought, "The Will to Believe" offers a compelling journey into the realms of popular philosophy that will leave you questioning your own beliefs and values.

Longnans Green. Project Gutenberg. 1896. 173p.

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By Wiliam James

"The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature" by William James is a timeless exploration of the diverse ways individuals experience and express their spirituality. Published over a century ago, this seminal work delves deep into the psychology of religion, examining the fundamental nature of religious beliefs, rituals, and mystical encounters across different cultures and traditions. Drawing from an extensive range of examples, James offers profound insights into the profound impact of religious experiences on human consciousness, behavior, and overall well-being. A thought-provoking and insightful read, this book continues to resonate with readers seeking a deeper understanding of the complex tapestry of human spirituality."

NY. Longmans Green. Project Gutenberg. 1902. 336p

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By William James

In this highly anticipated sequel to the influential work 'Pragmatism,' author A continues to delve into the intricate nature of truth and reality. Building upon the foundations laid out in the original book, 'The Meaning of Truth' takes readers on a thought-provoking journey exploring the complexities of how we perceive and understand the world around us.

Through engaging prose and compelling insights, A challenges readers to reconsider their preconceptions about truth, inviting them to question the very essence of reality. This sequel is a must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of pragmatism and its implications on our daily lives.

'The Meaning of Truth' promises to be a captivating continuation of A's exploration into the fundamental concepts that shape our understanding of truth and existence. Dive into this enlightening sequel and discover a new perspective on the profound mysteries of the world we inhabit.

Project Guttenburg. 1909. 86p.

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BY FLOYD L. RUCH AND PHILIP G. ZIMBARDO.

Psychology and Life, authored by Floyd L. Ruch and Philip G. Zimbardo, offers an insightful exploration of the intricate relationship between psychology and everyday existence. Delving into the complexities of the human mind, this book provides a compelling analysis of various psychological principles and their profound impact on our lives. Through engaging narratives and thought-provoking examples, Ruch and Zimbardo skillfully guide readers on a journey of self-discovery and understanding. With a blend of academic rigor and practical relevance, Psychology and Life is a captivating read that sheds light on the mysteries of human behavior and cognition, making it a must-have for anyone seeking to unravel the enigmas of the mind.

London. Scott, Foresman. 1971. 329p.

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Derek Wright

Derek Wright's work on the psychology of moral behavior delves into the intricate mechanisms and underlying motivations that drive human ethical decision-making. Through his research, Wright sheds light on how individuals navigate complex moral dilemmas, exploring the interplay between cognitive processes, emotions, and societal influences. By examining the factors that shape our moral compass, Wright's insights contribute to a deeper understanding of human behavior and morality. His work prompts critical reflection on the intricacies of ethical decision-making and offers valuable perspectives on the complexities of human nature.

London. PELICAN. 1971. 287p.

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Soren Kierkegaard. Translated by ALEXANDER DRU. Introduction by WALTER KAUFMANN

THE PRESENT AGE

In "The Present Age," Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard reflects on the state of society during his time, critiquing the lack of passion, depth, and authenticity in the modern age. He delves into the concept of constant distraction and the rise of a superficial culture driven by the pursuit of instant gratification. Kierkegaard challenges readers to question the values and norms prevalent in society, encouraging them to seek a deeper understanding of themselves and the world around them.

OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A GENIUS AND AN APOSTLE

Exploring the distinction between a genius and an apostle, Kierkegaard delves into the realms of individuality and universality. While a genius may possess exceptional talent and creativity, an apostle embodies a higher calling, serving as a messenger of profound truths and ideals. Kierkegaard emphasizes the transformative power of faith and purpose in distinguishing between mere brilliance and true enlightenment, inviting readers to contemplate the significance of their contributions to the world.

HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK. 1962. 103p.

By William James

"PRAGMATISM: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking" delves into the philosophy of pragmatism, shedding light on how this approach offers a fresh perspective on age-old concepts. In this insightful exploration, readers are invited to reconsider traditional modes of thought through the lens of pragmatism, which emphasizes practicality and real-world application. This thought-provoking book challenges readers to reflect on the ways in which pragmatism can reshape their understanding of familiar ideas, making it a must-read for those seeking a more pragmatic approach to navigating the complexities of life.

Harvard 1907. 80p.

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Essays Selected and Introduced by Thomas Landon Thorso

Plato explores the captivating enigma of one of the most influential philosophers in history. Plato's ideas continue to shape our understanding of society, politics, and ethics. But was Plato truly an advocate for totalitarian rule, as some argue, or did his vision align more with democratic principles? Delve into this thought-provoking analysis that challenges conventional interpretations and sheds new light on the complex legacy of Plato. Engaging and informative, this book is a must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the origins of political thought.

PRENTICE-HALL, INC., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.. 1963. 190p.

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by Herbert Marcuse

One-Dimensional Man by Herbert Marcuse is a seminal work that delves into the intricacies of advanced industrial society and the subtle ways in which ideology influences and shapes our everyday lives. By exploring the concept of one-dimensionality, Marcuse dissects the impact of technological advancements, consumer culture, and social control mechanisms on individual freedom and critical thinking.

Through insightful analysis and thought-provoking arguments, Marcuse challenges readers to question the status quo and break free from the confines of a society that promotes homogeneity and conformity. One-Dimensional Man serves as a critical examination of contemporary society while providing a roadmap for envisioning a more liberated and authentic existence. This book continues to resonate with readers seeking to navigate the complexities of modern life and understand the forces that shape our collective consciousness.

Beacon Press. Boston. 1964. 274p.

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BY FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE. TRANSLATED BY WALTER KAUFMANN and R. J. HOLLINGDALE

On the Genealogy of Morals--Ecce Homo by Friedrich Nietzsche, translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, delves into Nietzsche's exploration of the origin and development of moral values in society. In this profound work, Nietzsche challenges traditional beliefs about good and evil, shedding light on the complex interplay between power, culture, and morality. With incisive analysis and provocative insights, Nietzsche's timeless examination offers readers a thought-provoking journey into the fundamental nature of ethics and human behavior. This translation, skillfully rendered by Kaufmann and Hollingdale, captures the essence of Nietzsche's visionary ideas, making this philosophical masterpiece accessible to contemporary audiences seeking to unravel the mysteries of morality and existence.

A Division of Random House. VINTAGE BOOKS. NEW YORK. 1967. 374p.

BY JOHN DEWEY

Moral Principles in Education by John Dewey is a seminal work that explores the fundamental role of ethical values in the educational process. Originally published in 1909, Dewey's insightful analysis delves into the importance of instilling moral principles in students to cultivate responsible citizenship and ethical decision-making.

Drawing on his expertise in philosophy and education, Dewey argues that education should not only focus on academic knowledge but also on fostering moral character and social responsibility. Through engaging prose and thought-provoking ideas, the book challenges traditional educational practices and advocates for a more holistic approach to teaching and learning.

With timeless wisdom and relevance, Moral Principles in Education continues to inspire educators and scholars to consider the ethical dimensions of education and the profound impact it can have on shaping individuals and societies. Dewey's groundbreaking work remains essential reading for anyone passionate about the intersection of ethics and education.

HO. 1909. UGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON • · NEW YORK • · CHICAGO • · DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO The Riverside Press. 1909. 24p.

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BY SISSELA BOK

In "Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life," author Sissela Bok delves into the complex ethical considerations surrounding deception. Exploring the impact of lies on both personal relationships and societal dynamics, Bok challenges readers to confront the nuances of truth-telling in various contexts. Drawing upon philosophical insights and real-world examples, the book invites readers to reflect on the moral implications of deceit and the role of honesty in fostering trust and integrity. A thought-provoking exploration of a ubiquitous yet often overlooked aspect of human behavior, "Lying" offers a compelling case for the importance of ethical decision-making in our daily lives.

VINTAGE BOOKS. A Division of Random House. New York. 1974. 381p.

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Translated By Lee M. Hollander.

Selections From The Writings Of Kierkegaard offers a thought-provoking insight into the profound ideas of the renowned philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. This collection brings together a curated selection of his most influential works, allowing readers to delve into the complexities of existentialism, faith, and the human experience. With a compelling blend of philosophy and theology, Kierkegaard's writings continue to resonate with readers seeking a deeper understanding of the self and the world around them. This book serves as a captivating introduction to the enduring legacy of one of history's most significant thinkers.

NY. Doubleday. 1960.. 261p.

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By P. H. Nowell-Smith

Ethics by P. H. Nowell-Smith delves into the complex realm of moral philosophy with clarity and depth. This seminal work explores fundamental ethical questions, offering an insightful analysis of various ethical theories and their practical applications. Nowell-Smith's lucid writing style makes this book accessible to both newcomers to the subject and seasoned philosophers alike. A timeless classic in the field of ethics, this book continues to provoke critical thinking and lively debate on the nature of right and wrong.

Blackwell, 1957, 342 pages

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By Mary Warnock

In "Ethics Since 1900," renowned philosopher Mary Warnock provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of ethical theories and debates over the past century. From the rise of utilitarianism and deontology to contemporary discussions on environmental ethics and bioethics, Warnock navigates the complex landscape of moral philosophy with clarity and insight. Drawing on her expertise, Warnock delves into key ethical issues such as personal autonomy, justice, and the ethical implications of technological advancements. "Ethics Since 1900" is a thought-provoking exploration of the ever-evolving ethical considerations that shape our understanding of right and wrong in the modern world.

Oxford University Press, 1960, 212 pages

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BY MAX HORKHEIMER AND THEODOR W. ADORNO

Dialectic of Enlightenment is, quite justifiably, one of the most celebrated and often cited works of modern social philosophy. It has been identified as the keystone of the 'Frankfurt School', of which Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer were the leading members, and does not cease to impress in its wide-ranging ambition and panache. Adorno and Horkheimer addressees themselves to a question which went to the very heart of the modern age, namely 'why mankind, instead of entering into a truly human condition, is sinking into a new kind of barbarism'. Modernity, far from redeeming the promises and hopes of the Enlightenment, had resulted in a stultification of mankind and an administered society, characterised by simulation and candy-floss entertainment. To seek an answer to the question of how such a condition could arise, Adorno and Horkheier subjected the whole history of Western catagories of reason and nature, from Homer to Nietzsche, to a searching philosophical and psychological critique. Drawing on psychoanalytical insights, their own work on the 'culture industry', deep knowledge of the key Enlightenment and anti-Enlightenment thinkers, as well as fascinating considerations on the relationship between reason and myth - the rational and the irrational - the authors exposed the domination and violence towards both nature and humanity that underpin the Enlightenment project

Verso, 1997, 258 pages