By Meredith Dank

This document reports on efforts to understand what five U.S. regions that have demonstrated innovation to identify and respond to labor trafficking cases, and identifies the critical role of federal, state, and municipal departments of labor (DOLs) and other regulatory agencies on improving the local and state response to labor trafficking. Guiding research questions were: if there were patterns in the characteristics of labor trafficking cases that were identified by law enforcement at the state and local level; how the identification and investigation of labor trafficking cases differed from that of sex trafficking in regards to case characteristics, collaboration within and among agencies, case resolutions, and case outcomes; and what were the features of successful labor trafficking investigations. The document discusses study participants, study objectives and design, and key findings. The authors also provide recommendations for DOLs, other civil labor regulatory agencies, and non-DOL members of the anti-trafficking community.

Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International,  2023. 9p.

By  European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)   

Racism in the police can include discriminatory racial profiling practices through to excessive use of force. Incidents like these highlight deeper systemic issues that need addressing. Many in society are affected by racism in policing, not only the individuals or communities targeted. Lack of trust in policing can fuel social exclusion and damages the foundations of a fair and equal society, however promising practices are developing to address these issues. This is the first EU-wide report on racism in policing. FRA’s findings identify gaps in regulatory frameworks and propose concrete steps for action.

EU countries should ensure that their police forces comply with anti-racism provisions in EU and international law. Member States should collect data on racist incidents. They should enable whistleblowers to report misconduct without negative consequences and ensure independent oversight. Police forces should be more diverse to represent the communities they serve. They should receive more guidance to prevent racism in their work. Through this report, FRA supports EU countries to make a decisive effort in tackling racism in policing.

   Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2024, 116p.

By Council for Court Excellence

  Across the United States, jurisdictions as diverse as New York City and the states of Colorado and Nebraska are eliminating or severely restricting the use of solitary confinement – often referred to as “restrictive housing” or “segregated housing” – in correctional facilities. These changes are being driven by evidence showing both that solitary confinement is ineffective as a correctional management practice, and that it is harmful to the individuals placed in segregation. Here in Washington, D.C. (“D.C.” or “the District”), there is a growing call for the Department of Corrections (“DOC”) to end the use of solitary confinement in the D.C. Jail. Additionally, D.C. is in the process of designing a new correctional facility, creating an urgency to the question of whether it will or should include units designed for solitary confinement. To inform these conversations, the Council for Court Excellence (“CCE”) sought information on the use of the various forms of solitary confinement by DOC through D.C. Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) requests. This brief provides relevant background and context for these incarceration related issues and summaries of the information that DOC did and did not provide in response to the DC-FOIA requests. After more than two years of negotiation related to the DC-FOIA requests, DOC ultimately provided very limited information regarding its use of disciplinary or administrative segregation of people in the D.C. Jail. The data that was provided was incomplete and raised a number of concerns. For example, the average length of stay in segregated housing in Fiscal Year 2021 was 49 days – over three times longer than the United Nations considers the maximum time a person should be held in solitary confinement. And 29 people that year were released directly to the community from segregation; this has been shown to have detrimental impacts, such as homelessness, joblessness, and a greater likelihood of recidivism, as those released may not have had access to programming to help them get the housing, treatment and other services they need. Additionally, many of our requests remained unanswered, leaving much still unknown. For example, CCE was not provided responses related to the use of restraints on people in the jail; the races and ages of people in solitary – both disciplinary and administrative restrictive housing/segregation; the number of pregnant people in segregation; or the number of people in segregation who tried to or succeeded in hurting themselves or completing suicide. In the limited places where DOC did provide relevant numbers for Fiscal Year 2021, they did not provide the comparable data for 2019 and 2020 that was also requested. The findings are detailed in a later section of this brief.  

Washington, DC: The Council, 2024.13p.  

By Jeffrey Grogger, Ria Ivandić, Tom Kirchmaier

Research Questions

Can social media reach isolated domestic abuse victims? Secondly, does providing victims with more information and a safer means of contacting police change their likelihood of domestic abuse reporting?

Data

This research is based on high-frequency and confidential administrative data on the population of domestic abuse calls during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic but also the preceding years from two police forces—the Thames Valley Police (TVP) and the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS).

Methods

To answer the research questions, we ran a randomized control trial (RCT) using a novel social media campaign promoting a method of reporting through Facebook and Instagram. We randomized the treatment across geographic areas in one police force and across individuals in another police force.

Findings

We found that while social media is an effective tool for engaging on domestic abuse topics, particularly with younger individuals, our intention-to-treat estimates between the treatment and control areas and individuals did not show any significant difference in domestic abuse reporting. One of the reasons to explain this finding was the geographically imprecise social media targeting features on Facebook.

Conclusions

Our research contributes to the scarce experimental literature on how to increase domestic abuse reporting among victims with, to the best of our knowledge, the first randomized test of the effects of a social media campaign on engagement and reporting. As police forces across the UK, but also worldwide, start using social media more to engage with the citizens they serve, these results provide interesting and valuable implications for their effectiveness and the role of technology in the future policing. Our results contribute to the understanding of how police forces can use social media to reach specific groups of people, such as younger cohorts.

Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing. Volume 8, Issue 1 , 2024.

By Arun Kundnani

Liberals have been arguing for nearly a century that racism is fundamentally an individual problem of extremist beliefs. Responding to Nazism, thinkers like gay rights pioneer Magnus Hirschfeld and anthropologist Ruth Benedict called for teaching people, especially poor people, to be less prejudiced. Here lies the origin of today 39 liberal antiracism, from diversity training to Hollywood activism. Meanwhile, a more radical antiracism flowered in the Third World. Anticolonial revolutionaries traced racism to the broad economic and political structures of modernity. Thinkers like C.L.R. James, Claudia Jones, and Frantz Fanon showed how racism was connected to colonialism and capitalism, a perspective adopted even by Martin Luther King.Today, liberal antiracism has proven powerless against structural oppression. As Arun Kundnani demonstrates, white liberals can heroically confront their own whiteness all they want, yet these structures remain.This deeply researched and swift-moving narrative history tells the story of the two antiracisms and their fates. As neoliberalism reordered the world in the last decades of the twentieth century, the case became clear: fighting racism means striking at its capitalist roots

London: Verso, 2023. 304p.

By Corina Heri

Who is a vulnerable person in human rights law? This important book assesses the treatment of vulnerability by the European Court of Human Rights, an area that has been surprisingly under explored by European human rights law to date. It explores legal-philosophical understandings of the topic, providing a theoretical framework that can be used when examining the question. Not confining itself to the abstract, however, it provides a bridge from the theoretical to the practical by undertaking a comprehensive examination of the Court's approach under art. 3 ECHR. It also pays particular attention to the concept of human dignity. Well written and compellingly argued, this is an important new book for all scholars of European human rights. 

London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. 304p.

WICKERSON, GRACE; BURTON, AUTUMN

The passage that follows includes several links embedded in the original text. From the document: "From August 2023 to March 2024, the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) talked with +'85 experts' to source '20 high-demand opportunity areas for ready policy innovation' and '65 policy ideas.' In response, FAS recruited '33 authors to work on +18 policy memos' through our 'Extreme Heat Policy Sprint' from January 2024 to April 2024, 'generating an additional +100 policy recommendations' to address extreme heat. Our experts' full recommendations will be published in April 2024; this report previews key findings. In total, FAS has collected '+165 recommendations for 34 offices and/or agencies.' Key opportunity areas are described below and link out to a set of featured recommendations. The accompanying spreadsheet includes the '165 policy ideas' developed through expert engagement. [...] America is rapidly barreling towards its next hottest summer on record. While we still lack national strategy, states, counties, and cities around the country have taken up the charge of addressing extreme heat in their communities and are experimenting on the fly. [...] While state and local governments can make significant advances, national extreme heat resilience requires a 'whole of government' federal approach, as it intersects health, energy, housing, homeland and national security, international relations, and many more policy domains. The federal government plays a critical role in scaling up heat resilience interventions through research and development, regulations, standards, guidance, funding sources, and other policy levers. 'But what are the transformational policy opportunities for action?'"

FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS. JUN, 2024. 34p.

UNITED STATES. CYBERSECURITY & INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY AGENCY; UNITED STATES. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION;

From the document: "The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in coordination with the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A), the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and the U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) prepared this overview to help partners defend against insider threat concerns that could materialize during the 2024 election cycle. For years, federal, state, local, and private sector partners nationwide have worked closely together to support state and local officials in safeguarding election infrastructure from cyber, physical, and insider threats. Because of these efforts, there is no evidence that malicious actors changed, altered, or deleted votes or had any impact on the outcome of elections. Over the past several years, the election infrastructure community has experienced multiple instances of election system access control compromises conducted by insider threats. While there is no evidence that malicious actors impacted election outcomes, it is important that election stakeholders at all levels are aware of the risks posed by insider threats and the steps that they can take to identify and mitigate these threats. This document outlines several recent examples of election security-related insider threats, discusses potential scenarios that could arise during the 2024 election cycle, and provides recommendations for how to mitigate the risk posed by insider threats."

UNITED STATES. ELECTION ASSISTANCE COMMISSION; UNITED STATES. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY. 2024. 9p.

By C. James Watson , Genevra L. Stone, Daniel L. Overbeek1, Takuyo Chiba & Michele M. Burns

The rules of fair play in sport generally prohibit the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

oversees global antidoping regulations and testing for elite athletes participating in Olympic sports. Efforts to enforce anti doping policies are complicated by the diverse and evolving compounds and strate gies employed by athletes to gain a competitive edge. Now between the uniquely proximate 2021 Tokyo and 2022 Beijing Olympic Games, we discuss WADA’s efforts to prevent PED use during the modern Olympic Games. Then, we review the major PED classes with a focus on pathophysiology, complexities of antidoping testing, and relevant toxicitiies. Providers from diverse practice environments are likely to care for patients using PEDs for a vari ety of reasons and levels of sport; these providers should be aware of common PED classes and their risks.

Journal of Internal Medicine, Volume291, Issue2, 2022

By Abby Chin

At the Olympic Games Rio de Janeiro 2016, world champion and Russian swimmer Yulia Efimova walked into the Olympics Aquatics Stadium not to cheers, but to the sound of boos.2 The crowd, and many athletes, condemned Efimova as a drug-using outcast who should not be allowed to compete in the Games. At the Rio Olympic Games, Efimova was one of seven swimmers from the Russian Federation who were formerly banned from the competition due to previously failed drug tests and the “World Anti-Doping Agency’s investigation into state-sponsored doping.”3 However, after an intense arbitration process, Efimova and her teammates were approved for competition. Efimova’s doping dispute began in 2013 when she received her first positive drug test and served a sixteen-month suspension.4 Next, in 2016, she tested positive for meldonium—the substance at issue for the alleged Russian state-sponsored doping.5 However, because meldonium did not officially become a banned substance until January 2016, many athletes claimed that, although they were no longer actively taking it, they were still testing positive because traces of meldonium were left in their system.6 This left a question about who would decide an athlete’s future competition eligibility after a positive test. While many different agencies were involved, Efimova’s positive drug test came from the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA). A positive test usually leads to a suspension, which athletes can appeal through the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS). However, because the positive test results occurred in an Olympic year—and with the was scrutiny of the entire Russian Olympic Federation—the International Olympic Committee (IOC) would also influence the outcome of the doping investigation.7 In its press release, the IOC stated athletes who had served prior suspensions unrelated to meldonium would be banned.8 If meldonium was the athlete’s first offense, it was up to the individual federations governing each sport to decide the fate of each individual athlete.9 However, the IOC decision conflicted with CAS precedent, which allowed athletes to return to competition with a clean slate after serving their entire suspension for a positive drug test.10 As a result, there was confusion and uncertainty as to whether these Olympic athletes could compete.11 Efimova appealed to the CAS, requesting to be reinstated to compete as she had already served her suspension. The CAS, believing it was inappropriate to ban athletes like Efimova for having already served suspension, granted the appeal.12 Efimova was able to compete in Rio despite the backlash of many other competitors and nations.13 Whether Efimova deserved the backlash, it became clear there was a significant problem with the uncertainty and lack of knowledge as to the appropriate process for punishing athletes who tested positive. Through the different rulings of the three major governing bodies involved, Efimova was placed under rigid scrutiny, in part because people did not understand the disciplinary process, her right to an appeal, and her right to receive relief from her sanction. This Note will examine the effect of the governing bodies, specifically during an Olympic year, on athletes involved in doping disputes and suggest a more streamlined arbitration process for the governing bodies to use when determining the eligibility of athletes in doping disputes. Currently, the arbitration process lacks transparency and efficiency because of the arbitrator selection process, the costs associated with bringing a dispute in front of an appeals panel, and the mandatory nature of arbitration in international sports. Hence, to create more just dispute outcomes, the arbitration process should become more informal, and athletes should be given the option for a final appeal. Section II of this Note discusses the different governing bodies and their processes for dealing with doping disputes. Section III demonstrates how the different governing bodies work around each other when handling disputes. This section also analyzes the positive and negative impacts of the way in which governing bodies work together. Section IV explores Efimova’s doping dispute in depth to provide an example of the arbitration process. Section V specifically describes the current concerns with the CAS arbitration process and ultimately offers a possible solution for a better-streamlined dispute process, such as modifying the current arbitration and arbitrator selection proceedings or allowing for an appeal from a CAS arbitrator decision.

OHIO STATE JOURNAL ON DISPUTE RESOLUTION [Vol. 33:3 2018]

By Jared Del Rosso

This book titled “Talking About Torture: How Political Discourse Shapes the Debate” by Jared Del Rosso, discusses the political aspects of torture, including the use of enhanced interrogation techniques and the debate surrounding them. The book covers topics such as the torture word, incidents of torture at places like Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay, and the use of waterboarding. It also explores the political legacy ofGuantanamo and the transition from enhanced interrogation to the use of drones.

Columbia University Press, 2015, 276 pages

By Elia Zureik, David Lyon and Yasmeen Abu-Laban

This book titled “Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine”edited by Elia Zureik, David Lyon, and Yasmeen Abu-Laban, explores the various layers of surveillance used to control the Palestinian population in Israel and the Occupied Territories. It examines how surveillance operates, its effectiveness, and how it is used for population control.Topics covered include social sorting, spatial control, technology, state securitization ,and the influence of global considerations. The book is written in a clear and accessible style and is aimed at scholars and students of sociology, political science, international relations, surveillance studies, and Middle East studies.

Taylor & Francis, 2010, 392 pages

By David Pérez Esparza and Shane D. Johnson and Paul Gill

  Whilst most countries have experienced a crime drop in the last few decades, Mexico experienced a dramatic increase in violent crime since the mid-2000s. In this paper, we test whether the increase in violence observed in Mexico is consistent with theories of crime opportunity. In particular, we explore whether the rise in violence between 1999 and 2011 can be explained by an increase in the availability of illegal weapons (a situational explanation) that resulted from policy changes (and increases in firearms production) in the bordering U.S. Analyses are conducted to test whether changes to U.S. gun policy led to an increase in the production of guns in the U.S., particularly in southern states bordering Mexico. And, if this in turn, led to an increase in the illegal availability of weapons in Mexico, and consequently to an increase in homicide. In addition to examining country-wide trends, we test the theoretical expectation that there was a pattern of distance-decay from the U.S.-Mexican border. Our findings suggest that changes to gun policy in the U.S. did increase the supply of firearms at the Mexican border, which increased opportunities for the trafficking into Mexico. Moreover, that there was a clear association between firearm availability and homicide rates. The analyses are thus consistent with the hypothesis that variation (across space and time) in illegal firearm availability in Mexico provides a parsimonious explanation for the observed variation in state-level homicide rates. These findings are observed after accounting for factors associated with traditional explanations of violence.

London: University College London,  Department of Security and Crime Science , 2019.   55p.  

By Corey Whichard ,  David R. Schaefer , Derek A. Kreager 

   Penologists have long emphasized the importance of studying social relationships among prisoners to understand how people adapt to confinement. Imprisonment causes major shifts in one’s interpersonal relationships, as “imprisonment is a social experience that places offenders in a unique social domain that qualitatively restructures their lives” (Nagin, Cullen, and Jonson 2009:125). Exemplifying this line of thought, seminal studies of prison life from the mid-twentieth century focused on understanding the nature of inmate society, such as its function in mitigating the pains of imprisonment (Sykes 1958), the “prisonization” of new prisoners to the prison’s norms and codes (Clemmer 1940), and the extent to which prison culture is indigenous to the institution (Goffman 1961) versus a product of external forces imported into the prison context (Irwin and Cressey 1962; Jacobs 1977; for a review, see Kreager and Kruttschnitt 2018). Beyond understanding prison informal social order and its origins, several penological traditions clearly implicate social networks as an explanatory mechanism. For example, the “schools of crime” hypothesis proposes that incarceration intensifies criminality by allowing prisoners who are more deeply invested in criminal lifestyles to act as mentors to younger, less experienced peers (Clemmer 1940; Harris, Nakamura, and Bucklen 2018). Similarly, scholars have theorized that incarceration may impact health by exposing prisoners to a cramped social environment that facilitates the diffusion of illness and disease (Johnson and Raphael 2009; Massoglia 2008). In addition, solidarity among incarcerated individuals is believed to be causally related to prison order (DiIulio 1987; Skarbek 2014; Sykes 1958). Given this longstanding interest in prison interpersonal processes (social influence, contagion, cohesion, informal social control), it is surprising how rarely network methods have been applied in carceral contexts  

   Soc Networks. 2022 May ; 69: 170–179. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2019.09.005.  

By Osbourne, M., Camello, M., Planty, M., & Russo, J. 

This technology brief is the fourth document in a four-part series (Figure 1) on technologies to support the monitoring and supervision of individuals on pretrial release, probation, and parole (i.e., community supervision). The goal of this series is to offer foundational insights from use cases, examine the challenges of community supervision, highlight example products, and discuss the future of select technologies and their implications for community supervision. This brief focuses on the use of smartphone applications (apps) for individuals on community supervision.  

Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International., 2023. 19p.

By Lucy Lang, Inspector General

  In the late morning of May 22, 2020, then New York State Police Trooper Dane Pfeiffer received a call from one of his supervisors in the Protective Services Unit, or PSU, the unit responsible for protecting the governor and his family, ordering him to report immediately to a State Police satellite office in Albany. A short time later, Pfeiffer was contacted again by the same supervisor and told to instead report to State Police Division Headquarters. No reason was given for the order, but the Trooper thought he knew why—he was involved in a romantic relationship with one of the daughters of the then governor, Andrew Cuomo, and she had told her father the day before. His suspicion was correct. Earlier that day, the then secretary to the governor had telephoned the commander of PSU and advised him of the relationship, setting off a fast-moving chain of events that culminated with a compelled interview of Pfeiffer by the commanding officer of PSU and a veteran investigator from the State Police’s Professional Standards Bureau, or PSB. Following this interview, in which Pfeiffer acknowledged the approximately two-month-long relationship, a decision was made by the first deputy superintendent of the State Police, Kevin Bruen4, who bore ultimate responsibility for internal discipline, that while he would not face formal disciplinary proceedings, Pfeiffer could no longer serve on the governor’s protective detail as a member of PSU and would need to put in for a transfer to another command. At the same time, however, Bruen decided that one of Pfeiffer’s supervisors, who also sat for a compelled interview and admitted being aware of the relationship between Pfeiffer and the governor’s daughter but doing nothing, should be subject to discipline for that conduct. Within days, Pfeiffer applied for a transfer to a Troop more than two-and-a-half hours from Albany and his home and was transferred forthwith. His supervisor, who he had told about the relationship several weeks earlier, elected to retire. In the nearly eighteen months that followed, no personnel complaint number was assigned to the matter, the audio files of the two compelled statements were not properly  maintained, reports documenting the investigative steps taken in response to the complaint were not completed, nothing was entered into the PSB record management system, and the Inspector General was not notified. In fact, it is possible that the details of this matter would not have come to light but for a December 6, 2021, request by the Police Benevolent Association of the New York State Troopers (NYSP Troopers PBA)5 on behalf of (then recently promoted) Sergeant Pfeiffer, for a copy of his May 22, 2020, compelled statement, as he was entitled to under the terms of the collective bargaining agreement.6 When informed by the State Police that neither a record nor recording could be found, a grievance was filed, and the Offices of the Inspector General commenced an investigation. While the audio recording of the statement was ultimately located the next day in the State Police email account of one of the interviewers and provided to Pfeiffer and the Inspector General, the myriad procedural flaws in the investigation soon became readily apparent. While the circumstances of the compelled statements taken from Pfeiffer and his supervisor proved fair—the expedited timing was justified by the circumstances, the questions were appropriate and narrowly tailored, and legal representation in the form of the deputy general counsel to the NYS Troopers PBA was coordinated on their behalf—the State Police otherwise did not follow its own procedures, or Executive Law 4-A, in conducting the investigation. These failings prevented a full and fair review of the investigation, which, while problematic in any circumstance, is of even graver concern here, where the facts call into serious question the decision not to formally discipline Pfeiffer for his conduct, particularly when a simultaneous decision was made to discipline his supervisor for failing to take action upon learning of that same conduct. In the months following the resignation of Governor Cuomo, Bruen, now State Police Superintendent, began to institute changes to improve PSU’s organizational structure, enhance its policies, and create greater oversight of its operations, however, these changes fail to fully address the deficiencies noted in this investigation. Therefore, in addition to formalizing regulations to prohibit relationships between PSU members and protectees, the Inspector General  

  also advises the State Police to formally implement several outstanding recommendations from an August 2020 report by this office on the State Police Drug Enforcement Task Force. That report, which emphasized the need for the State Police to have a disciplinary process in which the public can have confidence, recommended changes to ensure greater accountability, including a checklist for disciplinary decisions to heighten consistency, a requirement that State Police counsel be involved from the outset of disciplinary proceedings, and, as required by law, contemporaneous reporting of the most serious disciplinary allegations to the Inspector General.   

etc.

Albany:  State of New York Offices of the Inspector General, 2022. 33p.

By Anna Sergi

  Despite the challenges in defining mafia-style crime (MSC) as a standalone concept and differentiating such crimes from the acts perpetrated by mafia-style groups, its definition can be confined to private protection and systemic extortion linked to the ability of a group to exert control over a given territory or market. Notwithstanding, further challenges arise in trying to assess this criminal market. For example, creating a global assessment of the MSC market can be adversely impacted by: differing understandings of the ‘mafia’ concept in various jurisdictions; the lack of understanding of situational intimidation, which could lead to silent extortion; and overlapping criminal fields, such as forms of extortion perpetrated by non-organized criminal groups or abuse of power by public officials. Such limitations and inconsistencies should be considered during the assessment of MSCs, both globally and at a country level. Furthermore, the use of cyberspace in MSCs should also be monitored in order to achieve a more comprehensive assessment of future trends in the criminal market.  

Geneva, SWIT: The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2023. 22p.

By Maria Jose Talayero , C Rebecca Robbins , Emily R Smith , Carlos Santos-Burgoa 

  Prior research has demonstrated an association between lead exposure and criminal behavior at the population-level, however studies exploring the effect of lead exposure on criminal behavior at the individual-level have not been reviewed systematically. The intent of this study is to complete a systematic review of all studies assessing individual-level exposures to lead and the outcomes of crime and antisocial behavior traits. We included peer reviewed studies that were published prior to August 2022 and were classified as cohort, cross-sectional, or case-control. Studies measuring the outcomes of crime, delinquency, violence, or aggression were included. The following databases were searched using a standardized search strategy: ProQuest Environmental Science Database, PubMed, ToxNet and the Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Seventeen manuscripts met our inclusion criteria. Blood lead was measured in 12 studies, bone lead in 3 studies, and dentine lead levels in 2 studies. This systematic review identified a wide range of diverse outcomes between exposure to lead at multiple windows of development and later delinquent, criminal and antisocial behavior. A review of all potential confounding variables included within each study was made, with inclusion of relevant confounders into the risk of bias tool. There is limited data at the individual level on the effects of prenatal, childhood, and adolescent lead exposure and later criminal behavior and more evidence is necessary to evaluate the magnitude of the associations seen in this review. Our review, in conjunction with the available biological evidence, suggests that an excess risk for criminal behavior in adulthood exists when an individual is exposed to lead in utero or in the early years of childhood. 

 PLOS Glob Public Health 3(8): e0002177.

By Francisca M. Antman and Brian Duncan

We merge the longitudinally linked historical US Census records with data on lynchings of Hispanics in Texas to investigate the impacts of historical lynchings of ethnic Mexicans in Texas on US-born Mexican Americans. Using variation in lynching incidents across counties over time, we explore the impacts of local exposure to lynchings during childhood on long-run outcomes such as earnings, education, and home ownership of adults in 1940. Our findings are suggestive of small, negative impacts, but we caution that more research in this area is needed for a more robust interpretation of the results.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16974

Antman, Francisca and Duncan, Brian, Examining the Long-Run Impacts of Racial Terror with Data on Historical Lynchings of Mexicans in Texas. IZA Discussion Paper No. 16974,

By Daniel Muir, Cristiana Orlando, Becci Newton

Review Rationale and Context: Many intervention studies of summer programmes examine their impact on employment and education outcomes, however there is growing interest in their effect on young people's offending outcomes. Evidence on summer employment programmes shows promise on this but has not yet been synthesised. This report fills this evidence gap through a systematic review andmeta‐analysis, covering summer education and summer employment programmes as their contexts and mechanisms are often similar.Research Objective: The objective is to provide evidence on the extent to which summer programmes impact the outcomes of disadvantaged or ‘at risk’ young people. Methods: The review employs mixed methods: we synthesise quantitative information estimating the impact of summer programme allocation/participation across the outcome domains through meta‐analysis using the random‐effects model;and we synthesise qualitative information relating to contexts, features, mechanisms and implementation issues through thematic synthesis. Literature searches were largely conducted in January 2023. Databases searched include: Scopus; PsychInfo;ERIC; the YFF‐EGM; EEF's and TASO's toolkits; RAND's summer programme evidence review; key academic journals; and Google Scholar. The review employedPICOSS eligibility criteria: the population was disadvantaged or ‘at risk’ young people aged 10–25; interventions were either summer education or employment programmes; a valid comparison group that did not experience a summer programme was required; studies had to estimate the summer programme's impact on violence and offending, education, employment, socio‐emotional and/or health outcomes;eligible study designs were experimental and quasi‐experimental; eligible settings were high‐income countries. Other eligibility criteria included publication in English,between 2012 and 2022. Process/qualitative evaluations associated with eligible impact studies or of UK‐based interventions were also included; the latter given the interests of the sponsors. We used standard methodological procedures expected byThe Campbell Collaboration. The search identified 68 eligible studies; with 41eligible for meta‐analysis. Forty‐nine studies evaluated 36 summer .continued......

Campbell Systematic Reviews
Volume 20, Issue 2

June 2024